Roles Of The Supervisor | Essay

Roles Of The Supervisor | Essay A supervisor is someone who guides and oversees the work or activities of a student or another counselor. The three major goals of a supervisor include enhancing the skills and knowledge of professional and or student counselors, to ensure the welfare of the clients and maintain control between the client and the student. A supervisors responsibility is to mentor and teach students and professionals (Erford, 2010, p. 202-205). The supervisor will challenge, encourage and stimulate a student or professional counselor to help them gain the knowledge to become proficient (Erford, 2010, p. 202-205). There are different purposes for a counseling supervisor, among them include improving the counselors professional and personal growth, encouraging a counselors knowledge and advancement of liable counseling services and programs. Among the roles of a supervisor include advocate, case consultant, collaborator and teacher. A supervisor helps counselors explore their counter transference issues. The supervisor support interpersonal and intrapersonal exploration of the student or counselors teaching and assessment. Supervisors explore diversity issues of counselor, student, and client. (Erford, 2010, p. 202-205). Model of a supervisor includes developmental approach, models developed for the supervisor and theory-based. When a supervisor works from a theory based supervision model work with students and counselors in the same way of their counseling theory. Some of the content, focus, and process of supervision are grounded in the supervisors counseling model include the developmental approach, models developed and theory based (Smallwood, 2010) Models of Supervision with Michael Part I Michael has worked as an intern student for two months under the supervision of Janet. Janet is a theory based supervisor. She uses the person-centered model of supervision (Erford, 2010, p. 202-205). Michael shows a lack of confidence. However, with the person-centered approach, he should gain more confidence because this approach encourages confidence. Janet will use Michaels experiences to help him gain knowledge of his gain a personal awareness. Janet will not judge his mistakes; instead she will have empathy, and accept his mistakes as a means to learn. Janet will discuss Michaels difficulties with him as a means of learning from his mistakes. When Michael shares his concerns with his client, he is letting Janet is aware that he needs and appreciates her suggestions Michael is trying to learn from the way Janet would deal with this situation. Janet may get some ideas from Michael to help him see his own feelings regarding his thoughts (Smallwood, 2010). To help his gain confidence the supervisor works closely with the student and counselor and develops a working relationship. (Smallwood, 2010). If Janet was a developmental model supervisor, she would encourage Michael to gain confidence by becoming aware of himself and other. She would encourage him to become motivated and gain independence. Michael would be going to Janet for advice because she is the supervisor, and she wants him to be relatively dependent on her. Michael should eventually become more independent and function unaided without seeking approval from his supervisor. (The International Child and Youth Care Network, 2001). There are eight growth areas that Janet will be helping Michael to attain. These areas include assessment techniques, client conceptualization, interpersonal assessment, intervention, individual differences, professional ethics treatment goals and plans, and skill competence (The International Child and Youth Care Network, 2001). The discrimination model of supervision is divided into three categorized patient centered, supervisee-centered, and supervisory-matrix-centered. This approach gives the supervisor much authority because their role is didactic, allowing the student or counselor to treat the patient. This model focuses on the client, not the student or counselor allows for some interaction between the counselor and the student. In Michaels case this form of supervision may not work as he has little self esteem or confidence in himself (Smith, 2009) Part II Importance of Supervision to counselors and professional counselors The benefits a student or professional counselor gain from supervision include development in personally and professional, gain new strategies, have support, and are given the opportunity to develop professionally (Benshoff, 1992-12-00). Supervision is critical in learning, maintaining and improving professional skills of students and professional counselors. Counselors and professional counselors incorporate their academic training with hands on experience. Supervision also gives counselors the ability to learn about their own style of counseling and examine the strengths and weaknesses. Supervision is also effective in increasing the knowledge of the counselor by giving them the ability to help each other and learn from mistakes (Benshoff, 1992-12-00) There may be times when supervision is impossible. This is when the counselors work together in what is called a triadic model by rotating the tomes of counselor, commentator and facilitator with peer supervision sections. This helps counselors develop professional counseling skills by implementing them effectively with clients (Benshoff, 1992-12-00). Supervision helps counselors to learn by teaching or mentoring them. The supervisor challenges, encourages, and stimulates the counselor to give them the knowledge to gain confidence. Supervisors help counselors to develop into exemplary counselors by promoting their personal and professional development by teaching, mentoring, collaborating, and consulting. (Erford, 2010, p. 202-205). Heading for Conclusion/Summary Supervision is essential to challenge, stimulate and encourage counselors and professionals by gaining knowledge from advocating, mentoring, teaching, training and collaborating. The focus of counseling supervisors is to facilitate the counselors development professionally and personally. Supervisors also consider the diversity of counselors and professionals in the counseling relationship and respect differing opinions and beliefs (Erford, 2010, p. 202-205). There are different models of supervising including the theory based, developmental approach and the models developed for supervision (book). The person centered theory is when supervisors try to build a working relationship with the counselors in order to gain their trust. Supervisors show empathy and genuine concern for the counselor pointing out mistakes, in a way that is not demeaning (Erford, 2010, p. 202-205). A supervisor who correctly uses the person centered theory will help the counselor to have self confidence and the ability to understand the counseling process. When a supervisor uses the cognitive behavioral model they are teaching the counselor appropriate behavior and helping them to develop specific skills needed to allow them to become motivated and gain successful knowledge. (Erford, 2010, p. 202-205). The supervisor assesses the counselor or professional for each issue and helps them work through issues, so they can move on to the next of the three levels. The eight domains of professional counseling that are addressed include assessment techniques, client conceptualization, individual differences intervention skills, treatment goals and plans and theoretical orientation and professional ethics. (Erford, 2010, p. 202-205). Other theories of the discrimination model include Intervention skills, conceptualization skills and personalization skills (Erford, 2010, p. 202-205) .

Emerging Adulthood Paper

After leaving the adolescence stage, young adults are not ready mentally to take on adult roles and responsibilities. Therefore the stage called emerging adulthood takes place before adulthood is entered. According to a survey, a large amount of Americans felt they were adult only in their late twenties and early thirties. During the period of emerging adulthood, many common changes take place in educational paths, jobs, love partners, and identity. Also, many people make changes their majors several times, and after graduating enter graduate school which delays settlement into the desired career path.Since young adults are always on the move, they move in and out of homes and resident halls. Due to unsettlement in career and being on the move, results in delay marriage as well. However, not every young adult around the world goes through this typical phase – emerging adulthood. Many young adults in non-western countries have no emerging adulthood. They enter marriage, parenth ood, and lifelong work early. In low-SES families, young people do not finish high school or are unprepared for college, and are less likely to leave home, therefore emerging adulthood is nonexistent.Emerging adults also begin too to build intimacy and trust in relationships that will last a lifetime. However, individuals in emerging adulthood think of intimacy in a different way than in the past. The Sacramento Bee published an article on â€Å"Researchers Find College Students’ Sexual Hookups More Complex than Originally Thought,† by Binghamton University which states that in the U. S. emerging adults have created a new shift during the period of adolescence and young adulthood in which they are more open to and accept uncommitted sexual activity during the college years.Justin R. Garcia, a researcher from The Kinsey Institute said that cultural dating has changed and moved away from dating under parental supervision. Emerging adults view sex in a non-committal way, using it as an experience as opposed to a committed relationship that will last over the years. Researchers got together to conclude a brief look at the cultural circumstance identified as â€Å"hook-ups. † A large percentage of emerging adults’ hookup, however it is not just about the sex, said Garcia. Many seek for love and a romantic relationship.Also, alcohol and drug use play a major role in uncommitted sex. But this research is not just about the negative effects of hookups. The study gives an opportunity to understand this stage of a young person’s development and for parents and those who interact with emerging adults to be educated about sexual behavior in emerging adults. I believe this will continue to be a specific period of time because every person from the age of 18 begins to make long term-goals for the future. The first long term decision that has a large effect on their life is the choice to attend college.I think that by moving away to another state or country for college creates not only changes environmentally, but also in relationships with family, friends, and close ones and new relationships are built as well. On the other hand, in the near future, I believe that this period will continue to change. More and more high school graduates will go on to college to get a rewarding job financially compared in the past. College students will also depend on their parents financially due to high rates of taxes and since jobs are hard to obtain. If this does not change, emerging adults will not move out until they are financially stable.Marriage will be postponed as well. Emerging adults will start getting married after graduating from college to be able to support a family. However, I think that many will restrain from getting married. There will not only be the technology but also more to see and do by traveling to satisfy one’s self. Also, many emerging adults view sex in a non-committal way. Emerging adults may not see the need for marriage when they don’t need to commit to one person. Which is why I believe life will be different in the future for this period of adulthood.

American Popular Culture Essay

American popular culture has brought entertainment to many for the past two centuries. However, very little people know the extent to which American popular culture has shaped the historical relationship between marginalized social groups and dominate American society. Traditionally, the term popular culture has denoted the education level and general â€Å"cultural-ness† of the lower classes, as opposed to the â€Å"official culture† and higher education emanated by the dominant classes. This separation of upper class and lower class became even more pronounced towards the end of the 19th century. At the end of the 19th century the was a strong need for one to express their intellectualism as well as further their education in order to gain a higher status in society. Due to the need to denote other races, we have the arrival of black face minstrelsy in American popular culture, which allowed for inferior white races such as the Jewish of Irish to gain approval from the dominate white culture. However, black face minstrelsy also forced African Americans further into segregation from American society. During the period of Modernity from 1870 to 1930, there was a strong fascination with the Wild West and Manifest Destiny. During this time there was the formation of the Boy Scouts, which was the true depiction of what Americans thought it was like to be Native American. Due to irrational fears and anxieties, American popular culture took comfort in â€Å"playing Indian† because it allowed them to express these worries in American mainstream media. From the end of World War I, following major cultural and social changes brought by mass media innovations, the meaning of popular culture began to overlap with those of mass culture, media culture, and culture for mass consumption. Because of World War II, many women were put to work in order to fill the jobs of the men at war allowing them to gain a sense of independence. However, other events in history such as Vaudeville, and the idea of the New Woman also allowed women to gain a sense of power during the 19th century with pioneers such as Sarah Bernhardt. American popular culture was the gender revolutions biggest supporter as well as its biggest critic. Throughout American history, popular culture has been an entry way for marginal social groups into the political, economic, and social mainstream of American society. With Irish and Jewish males finally being accepted by dominate white society through the performance of black face minstrelsy as well as women being able to control their own being through expression in Vaudeville. However, while these minorities are able to further their social hierarchy through performance, African Americans and Native Americans were often exploited as a way of making profit. While American popular culture has its positive social constructions, I believe the negative effects that American popular culture has had on the historical relationship between marginal social groups and American society has caused too much damage to repair. Through acts such as the minstrelsy shows, the Buffalo Bill Show as well as films and plays of the time, minorities are depicted in a subordinate role to the Anglo-Saxon male. These acts within popular culture spilled over onto American society and allowed for the prejudice and racism of the 19th and 20th century. The minstrel show, or minstrelsy, was an American popular culture entertainment consisting of comedy skits, variety acts, dancing, and music performed by white people in blackface. Blackface was when a White American would paint their face with black makeup and exaggerate their lips and being to impersonate an African American male. Minstrel shows caricatured black people as poor, lazy, dim-witted, buffoonish, happy-go-lucky and violent. The minstrel show began with brief parodies and comic entr’actes in the early 1830s and emerged as a full-fledged form of mass entertainment in the next decade. In 1848, blackface minstrel shows were the national art of the time, translating formal art such as opera into popular terms for a general audience. Minstrel songs and sketches featured several run-of-the-mill characters; the slave and the dandy in nice clothes quickly began the crowd favorites. These were further divided into sub-archetypes such as the mammy, her counterpart the old darky, the provocative mulatto wench, and the black soldier. Minstrel performers claimed that their songs and dances were authentically â€Å"black†, although the extent of the black influence remains debatable. The depictions of African Americans as these â€Å"token† characters, allowed for the ignorance of White America to be validated through the representation of minorities through stereotypes. African Americans were seen as bumbling fools who couldn’t take care of themselves and needed a White master to explain the world to their simple minds. African Americans were seen as people who needed someone to represent them; they needed someone with power to gain control of an â€Å"untamed† culture. A certain version of a black identity can be created through things like the minstrel show and other forms of popular culture, and that understanding has led to material practices like racial segregation and social inequality and educational deprivation. Americans use to believe that race could be distinguished biologically and that different ethnicities had different DNA coding than others. American popular culture is how most people learn about other identities and allowed them to understand the practices of another culture. As Professor Avila stated in lecture â€Å"the minstrel show is one of the sites in history where this could be found. The 19th century was a time where people saw racial difference and were terrified by it. The existence of slavery and its uncertain future promoted a mixed range of responses by Americans and they were acted in a variety of ways† (Avila Lecture January 15th 2013). The minstrel shows are a perfect example of how White Americans acted out their own prejudice to enact their own culture in 19th and 20th century America. The Minstrel performers were often men of Jewish or Irish descent, which were two groups of people who were discriminated against even though they were White. Often, Jewish and Irish men took comfort in dressing up in Blackface for the minstrel shows because it allowed them to relate to the audience as well as the character they are portraying. These performers used minstrelsy as a platform to gain social hierarchy in American popular culture by bringing comic relief to a working class audience. Also, they often were able to finally express themselves once they put the Blackface make-up on because it served as a mask which hid their actual identity from the audience. These minorities were able to use their performances to gain acceptance from the dominant White American society. However, this upward social mobility came at a large price for African Americans during the 19th century. The depiction of African Americans as fools or grime savages in the minstrel show furthered the discrimination and stereotypes upheld by Anglo-Americans. Minstrels were not shifty in their theft of black cultural expressions and practices. The performers depicted these expressions quite brazenly, acknowledging and emphasizing the speeches and songs they created. At the same time, black face minstrels were the first self-conscious white entertainers in the world. While they told themselves they were only playing the role of an African American in American society, they often found their life struggles were very similar to those of the characters they portrayed. This mutual discrimination by dominant White America, allowed for African Americans and the White Americans portraying them in minstrel shows to bridge a formerly segregated gap in American society. Blackface minstrelsy was the first distinctly American theatrical form, and deeply rooted in American popular culture. In the 1830s and 1840s, it was at the core of the rise of an American music industry, and for several decades it provided the lens through which white America saw black America. On the one hand, it had strong racist aspects and furthered discrimination of minorities in America; on the other, it afforded white Americans a singular and broad awareness of what some whites of the time, considered significant aspects of black-American culture to be. Although the minstrel shows were extremely popular, being â€Å"consistently packed with families from all walks of life and every ethnic group†, they were also extremely controversial. Racial integrationists decried them as falsely showing happy slaves while at the same time making fun of them; segregationists thought such shows were â€Å"disrespectful† of social norms, portrayed runaway slaves with sympathy and would undermine the southerners’ â€Å"peculiar institution†. With Irish, German, Polish, Italian, Russian-Jews, and Native stock within the audience, the minstrel show provided a relational model by which those in audiences could unite in whiteness. And although the minstrel show sometimes did highlight interethnic diversities, they all could share in this particular joke – the laziness and stupidity of black people. African Americans were not the only minority group to suffer social, political and economic discrimination during the late 19th century and early 20th century. Native Americans who are the rightful owners of our beautiful land have faced harsh and cruel discrimination from dominant White American society. Throughout early American history, there was a strong push for Manifest Destiny, or the wide held belief that American settlers were destined to expand throughout the continent. This ideology was upheld by most Americans because they believed that God had told them it was their destiny to settle on this land. Due to the fact that they believed it was their destiny, the settlers took little to no pity on the people who already inhabited the land they were seizing. The concept of Western expansion seemed to be on the forefront of every Americans mind during the late 19th century, allowing for new fears and anxieties to form about Native Americans. With leisure time becoming a strong part of American culture, there became a strong pull to produce shows to entertain the masses after a hard day’s work. Showmen such as William F. Cody began to produce shows like the Buffalo Bill show, which featured relations between cowboys and Indians. For 23 years, the show featured a skit called â€Å"attack on setter’s cabin† as the grand finale show. This skit would start by showing a frontier home which was set on fire by savages, each time the encircling group of Indians came close to the cabin, Buffalo Bill would ride out on his horse to the rescue and save the day. The common theme of the Buffalo Bill show was to reinforce the heroic image of the Cowboy who expanded the land from sea to shining sea, saving the lives of White Americans and killing the enemies who stopped their destiny. While William F. Cody would sometimes depict a Native American in some of the skits, he was often the heroic cowboy everybody was waiting to see. However, working as a Native American in the production of the Buffalo Bill show had its upside. William F. Cody did not adhere to government demands as often fought to resist them to gain rights for his employees. One example of his resistance is allowing his Native American actors to keep their long hair instead of assimilating to dominate society like the government demanded. Also, the Native Americans in the Buffalo Bill show were offered a unique opportunity that many minorities didn’t have during the 19th century in America. Cody offered the Native Americans the chance to travel the country and make an income that was sizable. Taking part in these reenactments of American history also allowed for Native Americans to hold onto a sliver of their culture in a society who is try to diminish their practices. However, the overall goal of the Buffalo Bill show was not to inform the public about the cultural and social practices of Native Americans, but rather a remedy for the fantasies and fears that flooded American society during the late 19th century As stated by professor Avila â€Å"the image of the Indian has this degree of symbolic flexibility to be able to contain the projected fantasies and anxieties of Native Americans† (Avila, Lecture, January 29th 2013). The onslaught of Modernity challenged the concept of identity for everyone in America. The anxieties of the upper class about a minority revolt were enhanced by the acceleration of modernity (Lawrence, American Culture). Modernity brought a deep sense of transformation from an old world order to a new society. â€Å"However, this allowed for the objectification of people and products alike, with things becoming abstract commodities, like people becoming cogs in a machine, rather than being an independent human† (Nasaw, Going Out). Suddenly during the late 19th century there was a strive for authenticity, or a culturally-constructed category created in opposition to a perceived state of inauthenticity; a way to imagine and idealize the real, the traditional, and the organic in opposition to the perceived inauthenticity of modern commercial life. Inauthenticity was beginning to plague the youth of America and there was a strong push toward needing to be authentic. One of the urban responses about the corruption of youth was the invention of boy scouts, which wanted to introduce frontier experiences to youth, with an emphasis on scouting, camping, exercise, and a wholesome relationship with nature. The concept of the Boy Scouts takes the idea of â€Å"playing Indian† to its fullest extent. The actual image of the Indian was important to the Boy Scouts understanding of nature and the things that inhabit it. The Boy Scouts idealized the image of a Native American because it represented the human removed from modern life, who is retaining virtues from nature by living in it. White Americans use â€Å"playing Indian† as a way of projecting their fears and anxieties about the unknown onto the lives of Native Americans. Although it is not a strong point of the Buffalo Bill show, William F. Cody was known for his performances as he heroic cowboy, but he sometimes depicted the â€Å"Indian† in some of his skits. The audience at the shows seemed to like when the White actor would dress up as Native Americans, because they felt like they could connect better with that actor and his struggles. The idea of â€Å"playing Indian† in American popular culture can be seen both negatively and positively. Unfortunately, â€Å"playing Indian† led to the development of new stereotypes and anxieties, as well as reinforced old stereotypes about Native Americans. This caused a lot of tension and fear between the White settlers and the Native inhabitants of the land. On the other hand, â€Å"playing Indian† allowed for a previously intolerant society to gain a better understanding of the cultures and societies around them. Through experimenting with â€Å"playing Indian† American popular culture has both hampered the historical relationship between marginalized social group and American dominate society as well as strengthened the bond between two previously segregated groups. The American concepts of Manifest Destiny and Western expansion created many fears and anxieties for the White settlers of the land. After the closing of the frontier in 1890, Americans began to face new anxieties that European settlers would come from all parts of Europe and demolish the democracy that America had worked so hard to create. We can accredit most of the need in America for White Americans to portray themselves as Indians to the concept of Modernization. With Modernization came the invention of the railroads and the automobile which gave a stronger push toward urbanization. White Americans felt the need to seek simpler times like they had before industrialization and modernization took their course on American popular culture. Throughout American popular culture, there has always been a need to enforce a social hierarchy to make sure that minority groups don’t gain any power. This has proven to be true throughout America history with different racial groups, but minorities do not stop at race. During the 19th and 20th century, women were seen an inferior to men in America simply because they are a different gender. The concept of gender identities is often visited in American popular culture. In lecture, we have discussed how gender roles play out in public spheres of the modern city such as dance halls where women were given freedom to dance and the creation of department stores which gave women the option to work and be part of something outside the home. However, prior to the mid-19th century, women were meant to adhere to tradition gender roles placed on them by society. The rise of the theater and vaudeville house, between 1820s and the 1900s, allowed for popular theater to emerge in the conversation of sexual identities. The female performers in Vaudeville became the agents and metaphors for ancient social roles. This was the era associated with the â€Å"new woman†, who became perceived by the public eye as non-traditional. The new woman was both a social reality, as depicted by Sarah Bernhardt and a cultural concept, as shown by the feminist revolution. It was coined at the end of the century, and described a woman changing her public behavior and adopting new roles within a previously bias society. At the turn of the 20th century, American had a new league of ambitious, educated women who often put off or refused marriage, and dedicated themselves to political causes and social reforms – these women were part of what was labeled as the new woman of the 20th century. By the time of World War I, women demanded political and economic equality with men. Most historians have seen the rise of the political women, but particularly in urban slices of society, an important venue of acceptance was seen. Sarah Bernhardt embodies this idea of the â€Å"new woman†, or a woman who doesn’t see her gender as a limitation to her life. Sarah Bernhardt formed her own theater company, and she was the first actor to tour on an international circuit. She often played the roles of women, many of which were familiar to American audiences. She also accredited for pioneering the form of the woman torn between power hungry aggressions and passive submissions. Onstage, she was usually very dramatic and could perform hysteria without shame, which was usually considered not ladylike. She caused many scandals by playing the roles of men in her plays, like in 1899 where she played the role of Hamlet. She upstaged men performing alongside her, jumping across masculine and feminine roles at the same time, blurring the lines between men and women, and blurring the line between a bad woman and a good woman. Whatever the case, her personality always dominated the characters she played. â€Å"She had an immodest presence and was known for shameless and bold publicity stunts. She could seize the possibilities for self-construction afforded by mass culture and spectacle† (Kasson, Amusing the Millions). She invented the farewell tour, and each tour was loaded with drama and tears. She did this to heighten a dramatic sense of finality, and was a master of advanced publicity and that of her own self-image. She was in control of her own self-image, not unlike women promoted by PT Barnum. Unlike Jenny Lin, Bernhardt called the shots for her performances, and that image was that of a high-strung and egotistic person. She took ownership of her public image, and though she was adored, she was criticized by males for being too unladylike. This could have suggested gender confusion at the time. Nonetheless, she contributes to the large visibility of women, and showed how women could change the terms with public culture. This created new examples of women that were willing to stand for their rights by asserting their demands for political equality. In contrast to the Bernhardt image, there were images in the 20th century American popular culture, which reinforced women as ornaments which were to be produced and handled by men. The creation of the chorus line gave birth to a new type of objectification. The amusement of the line resided with the ability for women who were the entire same image to show their ability to synchronize and choreograph their movements together. The line symbolized the application of the principles of scientific management to mass entertainment. These women who danced in the line all looked the same and held the same facial feature throughout the show almost as if they were wound up robots with someone controlling their every move. The idea is to synchronize limbs and bodies to a series and different steps, and in turn it reflects a faith into human engineering as entertainment. The chorus line was referred to a small army of femininity where women worked rigorously into being part of the crowd, and not an individual. They are parts of a whole, and are theatrically useless when they are separated from each other. They were displays of mechanical awareness, and that also broke the body to eroticize particular parts of the body, exposing these previously well hidden body parts to the public gaze. Historians argue that the chorus line is a perfect example of how men view women within a society; they are just pieces of a machine waiting to comply with a strong males command. These two different types of women that emerged in the 19th and 20th century in America show the strong influence that males had over women during this time period. The â€Å"new woman† was a rebellion against traditional gender roles, while the chorus line depicted a submissive woman who needs male guidance. Throughout 19th and 20th century American popular culture, there has been a lot of discrimination towards this idea of the â€Å"outsider†. In the minstrel show the outside is shown as an African-American male and the â€Å"insider† is the White family who paid to see the show. The creation of The Buffalo Bill show painted Native Americans as the â€Å"outsiders†, even though they inhabited the land before Americans even got here. Finally, American popular culture allowed for women to be depicted as the â€Å"outsider† and males to be presented as the â€Å"insiders†. However, even though these tragedies plague American popular culture minorities still find ways of resistance. Whether it be through Irish and Jewish culturally subordinate groups depicting the stereotypes of another minority to try to fit into mainstream American, or women like Sarah Bernhardt who don’t set limitations to their ambitions due to their gender, American counter culture has always found a way to strike back and its oppressor. I believe that American popular culture has allowed naive Americans to get a better perspective of the hardships faced every day by someone who is considered a â€Å"second class citizen†. American popular culture as both provided a gateway for minorities to fit into modern American society, as well as crumbled any hope for a sensitive bridging of gaps between social, political or racial groups within America. Works Cited Kasson, John. Amusing the Millions: Coney Island at the Turn of the Century. Hill and Wang; First Edition edition, 1978. Print. Levine, Lawrence, â€Å"American Culture and the Great Depression,† The Unpredictable Past: Explorations in American Cultural History Oxford University Press, 1993. Print. Nasaw, David, and . Going Out: The Rise and Fall of Public Amusements. Harvard University Press, 1999. Print.

Diabetes an Epidemic in the African American Community Essay

Diabetes an Epidemic in the African American Community The facts are clear: The diabetes epidemic sweeping the U.S. is hitting the African American community particularly hard, according to doctors. (2) Diabetes is defined as, A disease that affects the bodys ability to produce or respond to insulin, a hormone that allows blood glucose (blood sugar) to enter the cells of the body and be used for energy. (1) There are two types of diabetes: type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes, which usually begins during childhood or adolescence, Is a condition characterized by high blood glucose levels caused by total lack of insulin. This occurs when the bodys immune system attacks the insulin producing beta cells in the pancreas†¦show more content†¦Do African Americans like their food well done or almost burnt? Do greens and beans require pork to satisfy as soul food? Is this a legacy from slavery that remains with us 135 years later? (4) These rhetorical questions are solutions to why diabetes is most prevalent in the Africa n Americans community. Fifty percent of African American women suffer from obesity. African American adults have substantially higher rates of obesity than white Americans. (3) Overweight is a major risk factor for diabetes 2 in the African American community. Excess amounts of fats and sugars are killing the African Community. In the bestseller Satan, by Dr. Jawanza Kunjufu, she argues that Diabetes is the third leading killer after heart disease and cancer among African Americans. (4) She goes on to say that, Historically black people have played diabetes off and commonly referred to this deadly disease by saying Mama has a sugar problem. (4) In order for the expansion of diabetes to lessen in the black community, people have to be comfortable enough to name the disease and realize that if mama has a sugar problem, then mama needs to stop eating five pounds of sugar! Many African Americans tend characterize diabetes as being a sugar disease, but there are so many other factors bes ides sugar, to take into account when talking about diabetes. For one, a high amount of fat intake can be a huge risk factor for diabetes 2. My parents both have diabetes 2Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Obesity On Children s Obesity Essay1277 Words   |  6 Pagesthey a product of their parents lifestyle? Whatever the answer maybe, we must find it quick. Obesity in children Is becoming an epidemic. And the African American population is leading the way. According to WE Can!, a program of the National Institutes of health 31.7 percent of children between the age of 2-19 years old are overweight or obese. Including an African American population of 35.9 percent. This number is more than the 29.3 percent that represent the White children in the same age categoryRead MoreType 2 Diabetes in Youth Essay1084 Words   |  5 PagesType 2 Diabetes in children and adolescents is an emerging epidemic within the last 20 years. Diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases in children and adolescents; about 151,000 people below the age of 20 years have diabetes (CDC, 2009). There has been an increase in the amount of younger people, including teenagers that have been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. According to the CDC website, type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents, although still rare, is being diagnosedRead MoreEssay On Disease Control890 Words   |  4 PagesControlling (CDC) is working to make the healthy choice the easy choice. Initiatives are helping to change states and communities into places that strongly encourage healthy eating and active living. CDC currently funds states and communities to help saves lives and protect people from the problems of obesity and other chronic diseases through efforts that support changes in the places where Americans live, learn, work and play. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Division of Nutrition, PhysicalRead MoreDiabetes : Diabetes And Type 2 Diabetes1645 Words   |  7 PagesStates (9.3 percent) have diabetes, and of those 29 million approximately 7.25 million are unaware that they are diabetic (www.cdc.gov). Diabetes describes a group of metabolic diseases in which the person has high blood glucose because insulin production is inadequate, or because the body s cells do not respond properly to insulin, or both. Diabetes can be divided into two groups: Type 1 diabetes and Type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is also referred to as juvenile diabetes and is usually found inRead MoreHealth Needs Of The Bedford Stuyvesant Community1048 Words   |  5 Pagesthis report with the help of various methods and secondary data is to address the health concerns and needs of the adults living in Bedford Stuyvesant(Bed-Sty) community who have type 2 diabetes. Many needs were observed and documented and included b arriers, access to health service challenges, access to affordable healthcare, access to community-based support organization and unavailability of safe parks and other available spaces to exercise. Through this need assessment proposal, I hope to highlightRead MoreGlobalization And The Fast Food Market1172 Words   |  5 Pagespeople entering the fast food market are from places that were once filled with only traditionalists. A region where its former citizens used to invest their time in cooking local traditional food and sold them to the public and families. 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Kick-StartRead MoreA Research on Obesity and Diabetes Plaguing African-American Women656 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿LITERATURE SEARCH 0 Literature search: Research on African-American women, obesity and diabetes Setse, R., Grogan, R., Cooper, L., Strobino, D., Powe, N., Nicholson, W. (2008). Weight loss programs for urban-based, postpartum African-American women: perceived barriers and preferred components. Maternal Child Health Journal, 12(1), 119-127. Abstract (from CINHAL) There are currently 1.85 million reproductive-aged women in the United States with diabetes or glucose intolerance. While it is known thatRead MoreDiseases More Present in African American Populations837 Words   |  4 Pages If diabetes is not diagnosed at an early stage, individuals will not notice the presence of the symptoms until they experience trouble with their heart, brain, kidney, and etc. Therefore, it is always best to speak to a health care provider or ones doctor regarding hypertension. In 2009, Americans visited their health care providers more than 55 million times to treat their high blood pressure. (Roger, Lloyd-Jones, 2012). One can also prevent the risk of hypertension by exercising regular, maintainingRead MoreWhat is Epidemiology?1686 Words   |  7 Pagesany medical situation regarding a person’s health is to make sure that you talked among the professionals in the health community. This will be the bests way to help the cycle amongs others, that wil l further prevent other diseases from occurring. Using epidemiology and the epidemiology triangle diabetes in African Americans will be observed. This health concern in many communities in the United States that can be prevented and helped, but information is the key to success. In this paper we will be

My Religion Essay - 684 Words

My Religion What religion am I? In my life, I have been told many things about my religion. My mother is a Roman Catholic, while my father is Jewish. I have learned about both religions, and I have tried to practice both as best I could, but I am now faced with the decision; which one am I? Christians believe that Jesus is both God and man, incarnation of God, and man -gives man two natures, physical and divined that they are united in one person. Thus the mystery of God becoming a human being, Jesus, and suffered and died, and Mary (Jesus mother) was the mother of God. God resolved himself to mankind in 3 ways, as God the father, God the sun and the Holy Spirit. From this we can see that Christianity is based on the†¦show more content†¦His or her life is structured from birth to death, through, the sacraments weekly worship, daily prayer and the promise of eternal life. Judaism is the complex expression of a religious community, a way of life as well as a set of basic beliefs and values, which is separated in patterns of action, social order, and culture as well as in religious statements and concepts. The ideal is to remember God in everything one does, through prayer and keeping the commandments. There are many spiritual practices that the Jewish people follow as a reminder of their faith and as a way to engage all the senses in awareness of God. Some of these scared practices include: circumcision, Sabbath, eating kosher foods, and Bar Mitzvah. Of all of the commandments in Judaism, the brit milah, is probably the one most universally observed. It is commonly referred to as a bris. Even the most seculars of Jews, who observe no other part of Judaism, almost always observe these laws. Boys are ritually circumcised when they are eight days old, to honor the seal of Gods commandment to Abraham. A person who is uncircumcised suffers the penalty of ka reit, spiritual elimination. Sabbath is the most important ritual observance in Judaism. It is primarily a day of rest and spiritual enrichment. The Jewish Sabbath runs from sunset Friday night to sunset Saturday night. Observant Jewish families begin the Sabbath eve with a special Friday night dinner. The woman of the house lights candles to bring inShow MoreRelatedMy Views On Religion And Religion945 Words   |  4 Pages Religion has always been a thought-provoking topic to me and learning about religions other than my own is important because we live in an amazingly diverse country and world. My knowledge as of the present day is limited, but I am eager to further expand my understanding and knowledge about my own religion while learning additional facts and characteristics about those with which I am less familiar. I am unquestionably open to finding out about religious experiences that are new to me. 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The Existence Of God And Religion - 868 Words

When asked to choose a term or concept and establish what it means, the vast vocabulary humanity has established hindered Jennifer from making her choice. Jennifer understood the word had to be defined beyond its denotative meaning. While critically thinking and searching for the particular word, she thought about faith. According to dictionaries, the word faith has two distinct definitions. First, it is defined in the American Heritage Dictionary as being confident or having an unquestioning belief in the truth, value, or trustworthiness of a person, idea, or thing (American Heritage Dictionary). Likewise, faith is defined in the Oxford Dictionaries as a strong belief in God or in the doctrines of a religion, based on spiritual apprehension rather than proof (Oxford Dictionaries). Faith is either trusting and having confidence in a person or thing, or having a strong religious spirit while accepting the existence of God as real. Usually, faith is parallel to god and religion, but fa ith can be found in values, in society, in the community, in organizations, in the universe, and most importantly, in individuals themselves. When humanity defines faith as spiritual, ironically, the words denotation is literally ambiguous. Oddly, faith can be vague and undefined, while being well defined. Since faith is a vital necessity in religion, it is regularly revealed in holy bibles. Regardless of religion, culture, or ethnicity, nearly all personalities talk about in bibles declaredShow MoreRelatedReligion And The Existence Of God2546 Words   |  11 PagesReligions are an answer to the reoccurring question of â€Å"Where did we come from?† Humans have had a constant inquisition of the reason for their existence burning in their mind since the beginning of time. 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Cyber Terrorism for Vulnerabilities and Threats- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCyber Terrorism for Vulnerabilities and Threats. Answer: Introduction Cyber crime is becoming a major security concern in this generation of ICT. ICT gives several advantages to the society but it also has certain disadvantages (Alsaadi Tubaishat, 2015). Cyber terrorism is an act of spreading fear in the society by using the cyberspace. Information system can be affected by these types of threats (Ahmad Yunos, 2012). Cyber terrorism merges terrorism with cyberspace. This kind of act is against the law and it affects the information systems and networks as well. This report discusses about the concept of cyber terrorism. It gives a clear overview of the problems and challenges that are faced by the community because of cyber terrorism. This report discusses regarding the relevant technologies that play a major role in cyber terrorism. This report figures out certain issues that are certain issues and their impact on the society. This report also explains regarding the lessons learnt from the entire discussion. Discussion Cyber Terrorism Cyber terrorism is an illegal act that takes place over internet. There is a political or national influence behind terrorist activities (Ahmad, Yunos Sahib, 2012). Cyberspace is utilized by the cyber terrorists in order to gain unauthorized access to valuable data. Cyber terrorism can cause fear in the society just like any traditional terrorist activity or attack. It can even cause death. Cyber terrorism is generally planned beforehand. Cyber terrorism merges terrorism with cyberspace. The connection and interaction between virtual and real world has been made possible by the use of ICT. The weaknesses present in the technology can be exploited by attackers in order to harm the society and nation. Insurgents, terrorist organizations as well as Jihadists make the use of internet for planning the attacks and spreading wrong messages in the nation and society. Cyber terrorism can also be related to any type of computer fraud. These attackers access information in an illegal manner and misuse these data to harm the social, ideological, religious, and political objectives. Denial of service attack generates second order effects in the nation but does not create much fear among the people. If telecommunication systems are stopped in a crisis period then its impact is considered to be catastrophic. The global domain present in the IT environment is known as cyberspace. Sharing valuable data over the internet can be dangerous as the cyber terrorists aim to exploit the vulnerabilities of technology rather than attacking with weapons. Different targets of cyber terrorists are information system of the government, computer system, oil refineries as well as data banks. Terrorism is an act of spreading fear in the nation. The global domain present in the IT environment is known as cyberspace (Torres Soriano, 2012). Cyber means the entire virtual space in internet. Cyber terrorism has certain features like the execution of this act is completely done over internet. The terrorist group aims to affect the political infrastructure of the nation. This act either threatens violence or has a violent nature. Significant role is played by a non state entity. Conspiracy cells, individuals or organizations can conduct this act of terrorism. These types of acts have psychological repercussions. Challenges and Problems Cyber terrorism can cause devastating effect on the nation. It has the capability to harm the whole nation because its infrastructures depend on the computer networks and systems (Awan, 2014). It creates threat to the security of the nation. The public policies also get harmed due to cyber terrorism. Technical Impediments: Identity of the people cannot be disclosed over the internet and this imposes difficulty on the authorities when they try to track a criminal activity (PakObserver, 2017). The authorities face problem in detecting terrorist activity by using internet. Legislative Aspect: There is absence of a particular law that can address an act of cyber terrorism. Most laws fail to incorporate the technological feature and use. Partnership: The organizations do not want to share information with other organizations because of the fear of cyber terrorism (Bogdanoski Petreski, 2013). This will act as a barrier in creating partnership between public as well as private sectors. Electric Power System: If the computer systems that are responsible for controlling the power system are attacked then it can shut the power supply of the society as well as the nation (Tehrani, Manap Taji, 2013). Military Operations: The information system of the military can be hacked for stealing valuable information that can assist in the planning of physical attack. Government Security: The cyber terrorists can hack the information system of the government in order to harm the nation. Relevant Technologies and its Applications in Cyber Terrorism Cyber terrorists use advanced technology for the purpose of creating fear. ICT plays a major role in assisting faster communication between different terrorist groups. Internet plays a significant role in cyber terrorist attacks. The terrorist groups make the maximum use of internet technology to spread fear in the nation (Abomhara, 2015). The terrorists develop malicious software for getting unauthorized access to valuable data (Luiijf, 2012). The Jihadists can use mobile technology in order to spread propaganda regarding political as well as ideological issues. Computer systems are known for storing valuable data and if the terrorist groups are able to hack into the system then they can misuse the data for their own purpose (Jarvis, Macdonald Nouri, 2014). Bluetooth technology and use of social media platforms also play a significant role in cyber terrorism. Technological advancements assist in the act of cyber terrorism. Cryptography can be used by the terrorists for encrypting valuable data and cause harm to the government. They can hide their identity by the process of encryption. Steganography technique can be used by the terrorist to exchange information by hiding it inside objects. Issues Discussed The vulnerabilities in the technology are exploited by the cyber terrorists in order to harm the nation and state. They make use of advanced technologies for the purpose of spreading fear in the nation (Manap Tehrani, 2012). The government as well as the military systems can also get hacked and misused by the attackers (Chuipka, 2016). Cyber terrorism aims to create psychological repercussions in the society. The cyber terrorists have a political or ideological motive. Cloud servers as well as computer systems can get attacked by malicious codes that are developed by the cyber terrorists. Important Issues that are not addressed and its Impact Financial issues were given main importance but there are many more issues related to cyber terrorism like: Air Traffic Control: The system that controls the air traffic can get attacked and cause disruption to the entire operations causing flight delays (Ackoski Dojcinovski, 2012). Water Supply System: The flood gates of the dams can be attacked by the cyber terrorist causing death of several people. The supply of water can also be stopped due to cyber terrorism. Healthcare System: Cyber terrorists have the capability to attack the healthcare systems and disrupt the healthcare facilities in the nation and society (Harries Yellowlees, 2013). They are also able to modify and remove the health records of the patients. Important Lessons ICT is gaining importance with time. There are several advantages of ICT. The above discussion pointed out the negative side of ICT. Cyberspace has several vulnerabilities that can be exploited by the cyber terrorists to harm the nation. Various types of attacks are possible by using the internet technology. Cyber attack is different from cyber terrorism. The aim of cyber terrorism is to spread fear in the nation but the aim of cyber attack is to steal valuable data from information systems. Cyber terrorism makes use of sensitive data to spread fear in the nation as well as the society. Threatening messages can be spread by the cyber terrorists by using advanced technologies. Incorporation of strong security infrastructure will be able to prevent such illegal activities. Conclusion This report concludes that advanced technologies play significant role in cyber terrorism. This report said that cyber terrorism is an act of spreading fear in the society by using the cyberspace. Information system can be affected by these types of threats. Cyber terrorism merges terrorism with cyberspace. This kind of act is against the law and it affects the information systems and networks as well. The global domain present in the IT environment is known as cyberspace. This report pointed out that the terrorist group aims to affect the political infrastructure of the nation. Cyber terrorism can cause devastating effect on the nation. It has the capability to harm the whole nation because its infrastructures depend on the computer networks and systems. The major challenges lie in overcoming the technical vulnerabilities to stop cyber terrorism. Bluetooth technology and use of social media platforms also play a significant role in cyber terrorism. Cyber terrorists can use the techn ique of cryptography as well as Steganography to harm the nation. The government as well as the military systems can also get hacked and misused by the attackers. This report also pointed out few major issues like hacking the healthcare systems, water supply systems as well as air traffic control system that can harm the nation. This report concluded that incorporation of strong security infrastructure will be able to prevent such illegal activities. References Abomhara, M. (2015). Cyber security and the internet of things: vulnerabilities, threats, intruders and attacks.Journal of Cyber Security and Mobility,4(1), 65-88. Ackoski, J., Dojcinovski, M. (2012, June). Cyber terrorism and cyber-crimethreats for cyber security. InProceedings of First Annual International Scientific Conference, Makedonski Brod, Macedonia, 09 June 2012. MIT UniversitySkopje. Ahmad, R., Yunos, Z. (2012). A dynamic cyber terrorism framework.International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security,10(2), 149. Ahmad, R., Yunos, Z., Sahib, S. (2012, June). Understanding cyber terrorism: The grounded theory method applied. InCyber Security, Cyber Warfare and Digital Forensic (CyberSec), 2012 International Conference on(pp. 323-328). IEEE. Alsaadi, E., Tubaishat, A. (2015). Internet of things: Features, challenges, and vulnerabilities.International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Information Technology,4(1), 1-13. Awan, I. (2014). Debating the Term Cyber-terrorism: issues and problems.Internet Journal of Criminology. ISSN,2045(6743), 1-14. Bogdanoski, M., Petreski, D. (2013). Cyber terrorismglobal security threat.Contemporary Macedonian Defense-International Scientific Defense, Security and Peace Journal,13(24), 59-73. Chuipka, A. (2016). The Strategies of Cyberterrorism. Graduate School of Public and International Affairs. 1(2). Harries, D., Yellowlees, P. M. (2013). Cyberterrorism: Is the US healthcare system safe?.Telemedicine and e-Health,19(1), 61-66. Hua, J., Bapna, S. (2013). The economic impact of cyber terrorism.The Journal of Strategic Information Systems,22(2), 175-186. Jarvis, L., Macdonald, S., Nouri, L. (2014). The cyberterrorism threat: Findings from a survey of researchers.Studies in Conflict Terrorism,37(1), 68-90. Luiijf, E. (2012). Understanding cyber threats and vulnerabilities. InCritical Infrastructure Protection(pp. 52-67). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Manap, N. A., Tehrani, P. M. (2012). Cyber Terrorism: Issues in Its Interpretation andEnforcement.International Journal of Information and Electronics Engineering,2(3), 409. PakObserver. (2017). Challenges of cyber terrorism. Retrieved 13 September 2017, from https://pakobserver.net/challenges-of-cyber-terrorism/ Tehrani, P. M., Manap, N. A., Taji, H. (2013). Cyber terrorism challenges: The need for a global response to a multi-jurisdictional crime.Computer Law Security Review,29(3), 207-215. Torres Soriano, M. R. (2012). The vulnerabilities of online terrorism.Studies in Conflict Terrorism,35(4), 263-277.