Intellectual Property Essay

1) Compare and complexity the contrasting assurance offered by the law of licenses and the law of copyright. As you would like to think, are these distinctions unplanned or do they have a sound business or lawful premise ? Protected innovation rights are restrictive rights for their proprietors. Outsiders are then commonly precluded from the utilization or misuse of what is barred by these rights. It is to be explained that it is proposed to concentrate exclusively on copyrights and licenses. Trademark, privacy and plans, the other primary kinds of licensed innovation are past the extent of this paper. There is one straightforward approach to understand the two ideas of licenses and copyrights. From one viewpoint patent are rights over an innovation. A development is the aftereffect of thinking. It is the creation of some new or improved procedure or items that are both not evident for an individual gifted in the field and helpful. Then again, copyrights are rights that ensure workmanship when all is said in done, craftsmanship being any results of human's imaginative exercises gave that more than paltry work has been finished. The patent law can be viewed as an imposing business model made by parliament. In the year 1623 the Statute of Monopolies announced that all restraining infrastructures are void and of no impact. Be that as it may, a special case was made for the future terrific of patent for the term of fourteen years to the principal designer gave it was not in opposition to reason of raising cost or prohibitive of exchange. These days, it is fundamentally similar rules that are applied. The copyright law can be viewed as an approach to restriction exchange conceded by Parliament. In 1709, the Copyright Act gave a creator the selective right of printing his labor for a long time. In the event that the law has broadened, similar ideas are as yet applied. The primary point is the contrast between what is managed by patent and copyright. Patent law is ensuring creations. Patent Act 1977 characterized a development as something new in this way which doesn't frame some portion of the cutting edge (s. 2(1))1. The best in class being what was made accessible to people in general in any capacity before the need date of the patent (s. 2(2))2, this date relate to the date of filling on which certain customs are fulfilled. The inquiry to be posed so as to know whether it was a piece of the craftsmanship isn't whether a data has really been gotten to yet whether data could have been gotten to earlier the filling date. An old delineation of this would be the situation of Lang v Gisborne3. According to a book, the inquiry was whether the data was accessible and not whether the book had really been sold. In this way we have to characterize what is translated as accessible to people in general. In the Windsurfer4 case, a multi year old kid, who fabricated a sailboard and utilized it out in the open during his days off, had been sufficient to make this creation accessible to the general population. In addition, in evaluating if a revelation of data is sufficient; it will be viewed as whether the individual talented in the craftsmanship will have the option to complete preliminary and tests to get to the innovation (Synthon5). The last primary obstacle for the obtention of a patent will be the prerequisite of creativity. A creative advance is one that isn't clear to an individual gifted in the craftsmanship (s. 3)6 and whether there is a creative advance or not needs to be chosen without knowing the past (Haberman v Jackel7). An individual 1 Patents Act 1977 s. 2(1) Patents Act 1977 s. 2(2) 3 Lang v Gisborne, 31 LJ. Ch 769 (1862) 4 Windsurfer International v Tabur Marine [1985] RPC 59, CA 5 Synthon v Smithkline Beecham [2005] UKHL 59, [2006] RPC 10 6 Patents Act 1977 s. 7 Haberman v Jackel International Ltd (1999) The occasions 21 January 1999 2 1 talented in the workmanship has been depicted as an alumni or designer in the field worried about a couple of long stretches of understanding (Dyson v Hoover8) , it was additionally held that it ought to be a â€Å"composite entity†, as such a group of graduate and architect (General Tire and Rubber Co v Firestone Tire and Rubber Co Ltd9). Besides, a creat ion should be fit for modern application which is once in a while an issue. It will be broke down thusly on the off chance that it very well may be created or utilized in any sort of industry, including agribusiness (s. )10. At last, an innovation is patentable if not having a place with one of the barred issue. A disclosure, logical hypothesis, scientific strategy, a plan, rule or technique for playing out a psychological demonstration and playing a game or working together are rejected (s. 1(2))11. Some others intriguing avoidances exist, for example, an abstract, emotional, melodic or imaginative work or some other stylish creation, a program for a PC and the introduction of data. These avoidances are fascinating in light of the fact that they structure some portion of what is liable to copyright, so what is ensured by copyright. To be sure, copyright stay alive in unique scholarly, emotional, melodic or masterful works, sound accounts, movies or broadcasting and typographical course of action of distributed release (s. 1)12. Likewise with patent, a copyright need to satisfy certain rules so as to be allowed. There is a prerequisite of inventiveness that applies to scholarly, melodic, sensational and masterful works however not to sound account, movies or communicate. On account of Univeristy of London Press13, it was set up that the work must not be duplicated from another work however ought to begin from the creator else it will encroach. In the event that the creator has spent adequate level of expertise, work and judgment to set up innovation then his work would have the option to be secured by copyright. Yet, regularly there is no necessity regarding that quality. Accordingly, there is no necessity that a work ought to really have abstract worth (Univeristy of London Press)14, it must be more than de minimis with the goal that solitary words won't be secured by copyright (Exxon Corp)15. On a similar line, there is no necessity of value or value of music as long as the sounds are not very straightforward and trifling. Besides, masterful works need not to introduce any legitimacy (Vermaat and Powell v Boncrest)16. At last, the insurance offered by copyright just secures works that have been communicated in unmistakable arrangement. So as to have possession in the copyright, it is critical to have the option to demonstrate initiation, regularly by delivering the first formation of the work. On the off chance that the procedure to get a copyright is by all accounts a straightforward and short procedure the procedure to get a patent is long and muddled. A proper enlistment is required, must be done inside the UK Patent Office. One could state that is to permit creators which don't have a place with an enormous organization to be secured effectively with copyright when they make their unique work in a Haberman v Jackel International Ltd [1999] FSR 683 Dyson Appliances v Hoover [1997] RPC 1, CA 9 General Tire and Rubber Co v Firestone Tire and Rubber Co [1972] RPC 457 10 Patents Act 1977 s. 4 11 Patents Act 1977 s. 1(2) 12 Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 s. 1 13 University of London Press Ltd v. College Tutorial Press Ltd (1916) 2 Ch. 601 14 University of London Press Ltd v. College Tutorial Press Ltd (1916) 2 Ch. 601 15 Exxon Corp v Exxon Insurance Consultants International Ltd [1981] 3 All ER 241 16 Vermaat and Powell v Boncrest Ltd (No. 2) [2002] FSR 21 8 2 angible arrangement. It is the reason copyright is an acknowledged hypothesis and seen as a constrained monopoly17. Such imposing business model is important to advance â€Å"the three degree of rivalry in current business, which are creation utilization and innovation’’18. On the opposite patent secures huge companies’ creation. It is reasonable for require more customs from them to acquire a se curity as they can call huge assets and offices. Numerous means must be followed yet just a concise clarification will be given as it is an unpredictable zone. The most significant thing is the particular that must be made (s. 4(2))19. The detail should be exceptionally exact. It will depict the development in an unmistakable and finished manner with the goal that the creation can be performed by an individual talented in the craftsmanship (s. 14(3))20. In this manner the particular ought to clarify what has been made, the issues that the innovation comprehends, how the development varies from what has been made previously. It has been clarified beforehand how the patent and copyright spread distinctive subject, so that, for instance, music is secured by copyright and the Dyson component of vacuum cleaner is ensured by patent. In the event that they spread diverse territory, they likewise give security in rather various habits. In the patent law, there are two fundamental encroachments, encroachment of a procedure, encroachment of an item by process licenses and encroachment of an item. There is an encroachment by a gathering when a gathering utilize a procedure and when the gathering more likely than not known or it more likely than not been clear in the situation that the utilization of the procedure would encroach the patent (s. 60(1)(b))21. For item licenses, the expectation is immaterial (Procter v. Bennis)22. Just the patentee has the option to discard the item, which is deciphered for the most part as the option to sell the item (s. 60(1)(a))23. Note that it doesn't bar the option to sell the item sometime in the not too distant future, this is the tenet of depletion. Similarly, he is the one in particular who can import the item. An encroachment will be comprised on the off chance that somebody imports an item when in exchange. The option to save the item for removal or in any case is likewise a select right of the patentee. In conclusion, the most significant is the option to make the item. It has been held, that changes or fixes of a licensed item could be encroachment also (United Wire)24. It is conceivable to contrast the understanding in United Wire with the proprietor's privileges of a copyright over adjustments of the first work. The copyright proprietor of a melodic, emotional or scholarly work is the just one to reserve the privilege to make an adjustment of the work (s. 16(1))25. An adjustment will be deciphered as such just in the event that it identifies with a considerable piece of the copyright work (Sillitoe)26. The rights

Privacy about Emailing, AIM or MSN Messenger Essay

Protection about Emailing, AIM or MSN Messenger - Essay Example It tends to be a security issue since it can recognize the area of the client to the beneficiary in light of the fact that their I.P address is demonstrated during the procedure. This is perilous particularly when the client signs into shaky visit rooms to converse with people who are outsiders. The web informing administrations share a comparative ramifications to messaging, and can without much of a stretch be applied to advance spam informing that create moderate advancement towards consummation of designated obligations. The other arrangement that the IM and messaging administration give is seen in the exchange of infections that could be moved from one machine over a system. There is security penetrated in getting to data about the client in any event, when there is no logging procedure in light of the fact that the data is agreed the server. These frameworks have demonstrated defenseless against penetrate with the general public containing framework programmers who are equipped for getting data through following essential data on the server framework. Suggested mechanical Solutions The main acknowledgment that clients should note is that the IM framework isn't the most secure intends to transfer data or store fundamental individual segments. There ought to be utilization of elective methods if the idea of the data being passed is significant in accomplishing progress (Willner 5). There are restricted measures to conceal the IP address yet a choice is given to hold onto utilizing the programmed logging process. The locales ought to be gotten to just on essential zones with a cautious perception to diminish the online time. AOL has been created to restrain the measure of messages that a server is equipped for transmitting. It further applies measures to oversee the beneficiary of the messages. This might be actualized through obstructing the individual that is to get the message and possibly permit get to when there is the need. In controlling the pace of i nfection move between machines, there ought to be recognizable proof of the protected records. This measure is applied in ascribing the wellspring of the got records. The significant commitment that can be associated with this issue is by means of applying refreshed antivirus programming in the machine. There is a measure that is applied to square or diminish the IM administration through closing down ports. Besides, there should be a usage of security approaches that characterize their activities. These principles are relied upon to direct on the use f the sort of programming in the strategies, and the authoritative measure that would be executed when the set guidelines are penetrated. Before participating in any correspondence work out, the message logging can be handicapped. ICQ is gives a framework to programmed signing on first clients, however the choice can be crippled to lessen security dangers. This is then essential on the grounds that the clients are not recognized during the sign in process. Created Solutions The answers for lessen the protection dangers are seen in applying the measures to conceal the character of client data by impairing the computerized logging framework. This is applied by most people who get to the IM frameworks on pubic environs like in the digital bistros. These territories give insignificant security to individual data, and the individual might be presented to disparaging acts that may take steps to attack their private life setting. The measure that can be applied to guarantee that the security is kept up would be through clearing the

INTJ Personality Characteristics, Myths & Cognitive Functions

INTJ Personality Characteristics, Myths & Cognitive Functions Theories Personality Psychology Print INTJ: The Architect, (Introverted, Intuitive, Thinking, Judging) An Overview of the INTJ Personality Type By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on January 28, 2020 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW on January 28, 2020 Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Overview Intuitive-Thinking INTJ INTP ENTJ ENTP Intuitive-Feeling INFJ INFP ENFJ ENFP Sensing-Judging ISTJ ISFJ ESTJ ESFJ Sensing-Perceiving ISTP ISFP ESTP ESFP In This Article Table of Contents Expand Key INTJ Characteristics Cognitive Functions Personal Relationships Career Paths Tips for Interacting With INTJs View All INTJ (introverted, intuitive, thinking, and judging) is one of the 16 personality types identified by a personality assessment called the  Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). Sometimes referred to as the Architect, or the Strategist,  people with INTJ personalities are highly analytical, creative and logical.?? According to psychologist David Keirsey, developer of the Keirsey Temperament Sorter, approximately one to four percent of the population has an INTJ personality type. Illustration by JR Bee, Verywell The MBTI is one of the most popular psychological assessments, but critics have argued that it lacks both validity  and  reliability.?? If you take the MBTI, be sure to use caution when considering the meaning of your results. You can learn more about the INTJ personality in this overview. However, this should not be interpreted as health, psychological, or professional career advice. Key INTJ Characteristics INTJs tend to be introverted and prefer to work alone.INTJs look at the big picture and like to focus on abstract information rather than concrete details.INTJs place greater emphasis on logic and objective information rather than subjective emotions.INTJs like their world to feel controlled and ordered so they prefer to make plans well in advance. Strengths Enjoys theoretical and abstract concepts High expectations Good at listening Takes criticism well Self-confident and hard-working Weaknesses Can be overly analytical and judgmental Very perfectionistic Dislikes talking about emotions Sometimes seems callous or insensitive Cognitive Functions The MBTI identifies preferences in four key dimensions: 1)  Extraversion  vs  Introversion, 2) Sensing vs Intuition, 3) Thinking vs Feeling and 4) Judging vs Perceiving. As you can tell by the four-letter acronym, INTJ stands for  Introverted,  Intuitive,  Thinking, and  Judging. Based upon psychoanalyst Carl Jungs theory of personality, the MBTI also utilizes what is known as a functional stack in order to understand each personality.?? Each of the four key functions is either inwardly facing (introverted) or outwardly facing (extroverted). For each personality type, these different cognitive functions combine and interact in a variety of ways. Each type possesses a dominant function that sets the tone for that specific personality type. In addition to this dominant function, auxiliary, tertiary, and inferior functions play supporting roles in making up the characteristics of an individuals personality. INTJs rely on four key cognitive functions:?? Dominant: Introverted Intuition INTJs use introverted intuition to look at patterns, meanings, and possibilities. Rather than simply looking at the concrete facts, they are more interested in what these facts mean.People with this personality type enjoy thinking about the future and exploring possibilities.When remembering events, they may recall impressions more than exact details of what occurred.INTJs are good at reading between the lines to figure out what things might really mean. Auxiliary: Extraverted Thinking As a secondary function in the INTJ personality, extroverted thinking leads people to seek order, control, and structure in the world around them.For this reason, INTJs can be very deliberate and methodical when approaching problems.People with this personality type tend to make decisions based on logic. They organize their thoughts in order to see cause-and-effect relationships. Tertiary: Introverted Feeling INTJs use introverted feeling but because it is a tertiary function, they do so to a lesser degree than they use the dominant and auxiliary functions.Those who develop this aspect of their personalities more fully pay greater attention to values and feelings when making decisions.As a result, they may also feel more drawn to people and activities that are well-aligned with their values. Inferior: Extraverted Sensing In INTJs, this tends to be the least developed of their cognitive functions, but it does still exert some influence.This function allows people to experience process information through their senses.When this function is in play, people may feel that they are living in the moment and are energized by the world around them. INTJs You Might Know Thomas Jefferson, U.S. PresidentC.S. Lewis, AuthorArnold Schwarzenegger, Actor PoliticianGandalf, The Lord of the RingsLance Armstrong, Cyclist Personal Relationships People with this personality type are introverted and  spend a lot of time in their own mind. INTJs work best by themselves and strongly prefer solitary work to group work.?? While they tend not to be particularly interested in other peoples thoughts and feelings, they do care about the emotions of the select group of people to whom they are close. In personal relationships, INTJs are willing to devote time and energy toward making these relationships successful. Other people often interpret INTJs as cool, aloof and disinterested, which can make forming new friendships challenging. People with this type of personality often see little value in social rituals and small talk, making it even more difficult to get to know them. They tend to be reserved and prefer to interact with a group of close family and friends. Career Paths When INTJs develop an interest in something, they strive to become as knowledgeable and skilled as they can in that area. They have  high expectations, and they hold themselves to the highest possible standards. INTJs are good at gathering information from the outside world, analyzing it and reaching new insights.People with this personality type tend to be very  analytical and logical. They value information, knowledge, and intelligence and make excellent scientists and mathematicians. They tend to do particularly well in fields that require efficiency and the ability to interpret complex information such as engineering, academia, law, and research.?? INTJs typically do well in careers that integrate their strong ability to understand and evaluate complex information with their ability to put this knowledge into practice. Careers that allow the INTJ to work independently and autonomously are also ideal. Popular INTJ Careers ScientistMathematicianEngineerDentistDoctorTeacherJudgeLawyer Tips for Interacting With INTJs Friendships INTJs tend to be solitary and self-sufficient, so establishing friendships can sometimes be difficult. Because people with this personality type tend to think so much of the future, they may avoid getting to know people because they believe that a long-term friendship will not work out. The good news is that while INTJs may not have a lot of friends, they do become very close and committed to those who persist. INTJs tend to prefer friends who are also introverted, rational, and low on emotional drama.?? Parenting INTJ parents tend to be thoughtful and attentive, yet they are typically not highly affectionate. They have high expectations for their kids and offer support by helping kids think logically when faced with decisions. Parents with this type of personality encourage their kids to be self-directed critical thinkers who are capable of solving problems on their own. If your child is an INTJ, focus on finding ways to encourage your childs intellectual strengths, but try to find a balance that avoid excessive perfectionism.?? You can also help your child develop their emotional strengths and look for ways to express their feelings. Relationships Because INTJs can be difficult to get to know, romantic relationships can sometimes falter. If your partner has this personality type, it is important to know that loyalty and understanding are important. Dont be afraid to show that you are dedicated to your INTJ partner, but also dont pressure them to spill their emotions. Communication is also critical. Rather than expecting your partner to pick up on your subtle cues, focus on being straight-forward or even blunt about what you expect.

Is Bullying A Serious Problem - 1683 Words

History of the Problem Bullying has been an ongoing problem all over the world for as long as people can remember. Bullying by definition is, to use superior strength or influence to intimidate (someone), typically to force him or her to do what one wants. Bullying is a very serious problem, victims of bullying are more prone to depression. Bullying does not affect just one group, it can happen to anyone making it a prevalent threat to all of society. Approximately 160,000 teens skip school every day because of bullying.(need citation), and every year 3.2 million students fall victim to bullying. These number are alarming and growing. Physical bullying is not the only type of bullying. Recently within the last two decades technology development has skyrocketed, while this is a positive thing, it has allowed for bullies to change up their tactics and attack and bully from the anonymity of the internet. This allows for the bully to do, say, and post whatever appeases them without being caught. The term cyberbully was nonexistent before the 2000’s. It came into play once companies started to release apps that allowed for social interaction amongst people. Apps such as MySpace, Facebook, Snapchat, and Twitter started to gain much popularity among the people. The term cyber bullying is defined as bullying that takes place using electronic technology. Cyber bullying can happen through an extensive array of methods, some are texts, phone calls, im’s, email, chat rooms etcShow MoreRelatedIs Bullying A Serious Problem?1176 Words   |  5 PagesHundreds of years bullying has been going on, how long will it finally stop? In the United States Suicide is the third leading cause of death among young people, resulting in about 4,400 deaths per year, according to the CDC. For every suicide among young people, there are at least 100 suicide attempts. Over 14 percent of high school students have considered suicide, and almost 7 percent have attempted it. Bullying is a Very serious social matter that needs to stop, Bullying related suicideRead MoreBullying : A Serious Problem1326 Words   |  6 Pagesissue of bullying may seem insignificant and petty, but the truth is we are conditioned to ignore it. The fear of being the next victim has caused many to lose sight of their moral compass when it comes to defending one another or standing up for what is right. Instead we cower and turn our attention to giving way to the biggest and loudest voice. Most people are prone to neglect the fact someone is being bullied, because once again they fear becoming the next victim. School bullying is a p roblemRead MoreBullying Is A Serious Problem2278 Words   |  10 PagesBullying has become a very serious problem in today’s schools, with one in four kids being bullied on a regular basis (School Bullying Statistics, 2015). More specifically kids between sixth and tenth grade are more likely to have involvement in bullying (School Bullying Statistics, 2015). Bullying can include physical, verbal or psychological attacks or intimidation intended to cause fear, or harm to someone (Ttofi Farrington, 2010). Verbal bullying accounts for about 77% of all bullying (SchoolRead MoreCyber Bullying Is A Serious Problem1569 Words   |  7 Pagessocial media, entertainment, and study purposes. What is behind the internet that we do not realize? Bullying comes in many different forms whether getting targeted on the playground, at work, or even on the internet. Bullying is a violent and harmful act. This violence has been around for as long as schools have been around, but bullying has increased elsewhere. The act of cyberbullying, which is bullying that takes place on any form of technology, is expanding abundantly, with â€Å"more than one out ofRead MoreBullying : A Serious Social Problem886 Words   |  4 Pagesnormal aspect of growing up, bullying in schools is increasingly being recognized as a serious social problem that should be met with organized preventative efforts to downsize it. Bullying commonly deals with three aspects such as the nature of its occurrence, the frequency it takes place, and the effects it can have on a person. While each instance is different for each person, one constant is that this is a uncomfortable situation for anyone to deal with. Bullying can be described as a negativeRead MoreBullying Is A Serious Social Problem911 Words   |  4 PagesBullying is a serious social problem that happens in schools between adolescents. Bullying is not taken seriously and often dismissed. The perpetrator and the victim are expected to work o ut the situation on their own. There are many forms of bullying such as physical, verbal, social, and cyber. The perpetrators can have a negative effect on the victim for many years and possibly even life. Despite numerous â€Å"anti-bullying† advertisements and campaigns, bullying is an important social issue that occursRead MoreChildhood Bullying : A Serious Public Health Problem1032 Words   |  5 PagesChildhood bullying has recently been considered a serious public health problem. Little research has been conducted regarding the predisposing factors involved in childhood bullies. Existing literature suggests that the child’s early home environment is strongly correlated with the development of anti-social behaviour. The research paper â€Å"Early Cognitive Stimulation, Emotional Support, and Television Watching as Predictors of Subsequent Bullying Among Grade-School Children† (2005), hypothesizes thatRead MoreBullying : A Serious Problem Affecting Student s Nation Wide With Up2973 Words   |  12 PagesThere is no doubt, that everyone may have had an experience with bullying, either as a witness, victim or possibly a participant. Th ere is one in 10 bullying victims that are bullied daily, while one in five victims are bullied once or twice a month (Mahoney, 2012). Bu llying is known to be a serious problem affecting student’s nation wide with up to 15% reporting regular bullying. V ictimization or bullying by peers has been identified as an area of major concern for school students (KochenderferRead MoreThe Internet and Cyberbullying Essay576 Words   |  3 PagesCyber Bullying Nowadays, the Internet is regarded as the most widely used source of social media and the fastest way to exchange knowledge and information all over the world, playing a vital role in everyone’s daily life. The internet has countless functions, useful for everyday work and entertainment, but it is being abused by people nowadays. One of the ways it is being abused is by cyber bullying. Cyber bullying is when people use the internet to make fun of others, belittle them, andRead MoreThe Dangers Of Bullying That Teens And Kids Face811 Words   |  4 PagesThe Dangers of Bullying that Teens and Kids Face Getting kidnapped, having problems with drugs, being bullied, and teen pregnancy are just a few of the many dangers that teens and kids face every day. One of the biggest concerns today is bullying. Bullying can happen anywhere and is a problem that affects millions of kids and teens each year. Bullying is defined as an unwanted, aggressive behavior among school aged children that involves a real or perceived power imbalance. The behavior is repeated

Book Report On Darkness Can Not Drive Out Darkness

October 26, 2015 English III Mrs. Drake Huckleberry Finn Essay Draft â€Å"Darkness cannot drive out darkness, only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate, only love can do that.† –Martin Luther King Jr. This quote relates very well to Mark Twain’s classic novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Twain was a writer ahead of his time portraying the loving bond that could be developed between a young boy and a runaway slave named Jim. These two characters learned many lessons from each other on their journey to freedom. Twain uses satire to help humanity look upon its abusive nature to see its hatred buried underneath. In this book Huck progressively begins to comprehend that society isn’t always right and that sometimes it is okay to go against in order to do the right thing. People of today are realizing the truth more and more as time passes. The hope is that once everyone finally grasps the truth, they will all be equal. â€Å"I hadn’t had a bite to eat since yesterday, so Jim he got out some corn-dodgers and buttermilk, and pork and cabbage and greens—there ain’t nothing in the world so good when it’s cooked right—and whilst I eat my supper we talked and had a good time. . . .We said there warn’t no home like a raft, after all. Other places do seem so cramped up and smothery, but a raft don’t. You feel mighty free and easy and comfortable on a raft.† (116) This was quoted from chapter 18, and this of course isn’t included in the darker things that happened in the book butShow MoreRelatedInto The Wild By John Krakauer1735 Words   |  7 Pageshas this deep seated desire to fill a void, a missing piece of himself, by walking on a spiritual path through nature. Finally, his high standards for himself and society drives the idea of fighting back the darkness of the world through the power of good. The cultivation of these elements are what shape Chris throughout the book and prove his adventure to be of noble nature. In the fast growing age of technology the world lives in today, people depend heavily on devices like phones and computersRead MoreCriminal Cases Should Be Treated As The Last Defense Against Good And Evil879 Words   |  4 PagesCriminal cases should be treated as the last defense against good and evil. When the media reports on a case from the courtroom, everyone is on their best television behavior, no one wants to look bad on TV, after all, that could affect their book tour. High profile cases have become a joke. It is so important that people understand that our justice system is in jeopardy, cases cannot be resolved in the media. People cannot continue to be found guilty or innocent by the press. The media chooses aRead MoreComparing The Novel Lord Of The Flies And Heart Of Darkness2292 Words   |  10 PagesComparing behavior of two main characters from two different books Introduction There are both similarities and differences between the protagonists of the Novels Lord of the Flies† (Golding) and â€Å"Heart of Darkness† (Conrad). In each case we have the supposedly civilized individual(s) degenerating into savagery. As well, other characters are involved and highly influenced by the protagonist(s). This report discusses these two books and what can be observed from comparing works of essentially differentRead MoreComparing The Novels Lord Of The Flies And Heart Of Darkness4107 Words   |  17 PagesThere are both similarities and differences between the protagonists of the Novels Lord of the Flies† (Golding) and â€Å"Heart of Darkness† (Conrad). In each case we have the supposedly civilized individual(s) degenerating into savagery. As well, other characters are involved and highly influenced by the protagonist(s). This report discusses these two books and what can be observed from comparing works of essentially different w orld perspectives – one was published in 1902 and the other in 1954Read MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1062 Words   |  5 PagesIsabella Lichtenberg Ms. North English II Honors 10 December 2015 Title of Your Report A Hermit is simply a person to whom society has failed to adjust itself. (Will Cuppy). In the gothic novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley we follow the life of Victor Frankenstein in 18th century Germany. Shelley displays a recurring theme of isolation and how it drives once good people to do terrible things. If civilization does not adjust itself to a creature of any kind they will be forced into isolation andRead MoreEssay about Heart of Darkness: Psychoanalytic Criticism4502 Words   |  19 PagesHeart of Darkness: Psychoanalytic Criticism Psychoanalytic criticism originated in the work of Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, who pioneered the technique of psychoanalysis. Freud developed a language that described, a model that explained, and a theory that encompassed human psychology. His theories are directly and indirectly concerned with the nature of the unconscious mind. Through his multiple case studies, Freud managed to find convincing evidence that most of our actions are motivatedRead MoreHeart of Darkness in the Light of Psychoanalytic Theories.4599 Words   |  19 PagesFreuds most important contributions to the study of the psyche is his theory of repression: the unconscious mind is a repository of repressed desires, feelings, memories, wishes and instinctual drives; many of which have to do with sexuality and violence. These unconscious wishes, according to Freud, can find expression in dreams because dreams distort the unconscious material and make it appear different from itself and more acceptable to c onsciousness. They may also appear in other disguised formsRead MoreFaith, Love, Time, and Dr. Lazaro4373 Words   |  18 PagesFAITH, LOVE, TIME AND DR. LAZARO By: Greg Brillantes From the upstairs veranda, Dr. Lazaro had a view of stars, the country darkness, the lights on the distant highway at the edge of town. The phonograph in the sala played Chopin – like a vast sorrow controlled, made familiar, he had wont to think. But as he sat there, his lean frame in the habitual slack repose took after supper, and stared at the plains of night that had evoked gentle images and even a kind of peace (in the end, sweet and invincibleRead More journeyhod In Quest of Self in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness4090 Words   |  17 PagesIn Quest of Self in Heart of Darkness      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Conrads Heart of Darkness Marlow comes to the Congo for experience and self in the ancient belief that a man is shaped by what he does, that character is formed by what happens to one. But surrounding all of mans efforts in the Congo is a presence: Kurtz listened to it and went mad, and Marlow recognizes it but refuses to listen, neutralizes the appeal of the unknown and survives Kurtz, who succumbed to the fascinating wilderness.   Read MoreThe Art Of Darkness : A Literary Era Of Suspense, Mystery, And Terror1354 Words   |  6 Pagesin her 1976 book, Literary Women, she defined it as â€Å"the work that women writers have done in the literary mode that, since the eighteenth century have been termed Gothic† (Moers). Her argument that Female Gothic literature is a code for women’s fear of domestic entrapment, especially within their own bodies as was mainly experienced in childbirth and motherhood, was quite influential. Anne Williams, in her book The Art of Darkness: A Poetics of Gothic, argues that Female Gothic can be further dissected

Fuzzy Logic Algorithms for Minor Edge Detection Free Essays

Introduction The early stages of vision fixing distinguish includes in images that are important to measuring the construction and belongingss of points in a scene. Edges are one such highlighted characteristics. Edges are notable nearby alterations in the image and are indispensable high spots for look intoing images. We will write a custom essay sample on Fuzzy Logic Algorithms for Minor Edge Detection or any similar topic only for you Order Now Edges normally occurs between two distinguishable boundary in a image. Edge location is much of the clip the initial stage in retrieving informations from images or images. Because of its significance, border find keeps on being a dynamic geographic expedition zone. Edge find refers to the process of distinguishing and happening crisp discontinuities in a image. The discontinuities are sudden alterations in pel power which characterize the bounds of objects in a scene. The indispensable border find system is to concentrate the degree of fluctuation between diverse pels by put to deathing edge-location operators for every small matrix country. Edges obtained from non-trivial images are often hampered by discontinuity, connoting that the border decompression sicknesss are non associated, losing border subdivisions and false borders non associating to intriguing phenomena in the image, therefore perplexing the attendant undertaking of interpreting the image information. Edge location is one of the cardinal paces in image or image handling, image scrutiny, image design recognition, and PC vision systems. In Digital Image Processing there are typical schemes for border location like First Order Derivative ( gradiant method ) , Second-Order Derivative and Optimal Edge Detection to separate the border. The gradiant methods are utilised for image ascent or to better the inside informations shown in the image and these derivative operations can be utilized for location of borders present in the image. In our proposed work, Sobel border sensor and enhanced border sensor algorithm utilizing fuzzed logic is utilised to place borders of a given image. The pick of Sobel border sensor algorithm is propelled by the echt actuality that it consolidates each border location moreover goes about as smoothing decision maker belongings. Fuzzy image processing is the assemblage of all methodological analysiss that comprehend, speak to and treat the images, their fragments and high spots as fuzzed sets. The representation and fixing rely on upon the fuzzed method and on the issue to be tackled. Fluzzy sets, so, are competent to bespeak imprecise constructs. 1.1 LITERATURE SURVEY To transport out any undertaking work it is really indispensable to understand the current scenario and the engineering virtues and demerits of the subject. In this context, literature study has been carried out to explicate the job and to take the aims of the undertaking work. Different border sensing techniques have been studied from the paper [ 1 ] .The writer G.T. Shrivakshan presents virtues and demerits of different border sensing methods like Sobel, Prewitt and Robert’s, Canny operator. From this treatment it is apparent that sobel border sensor is advantageous than other techniques. The execution of sobel border sensor in Xilinx is presented by writer Ravi.S et.al [ 2 ] . FPGA based design and execution of country efficient Sobel Edge sensing filter is presented utilizing a combination of hardware and package constituents Rajesh Mehra et.al [ 3 ] and in this paper pipelined method is used to implement the border sensing filter. This attack is utile to better the system public presentation. The execution of Sobel border sensor is presented by writers R. Vincent et.al [ 4 ] . Here a brace of3Ten3whirl masks is used, one gauging gradient in the x-direction and the other gauging gradient inY–direction in Matlab. And states that Sobel sensor is improbably sensitive to resound in images, it efficaciously highlights them as borders. Hence, Sobel operator is recommended in monolithic informations communicating found in informations transportation. The writers Kiranpreet Kaur et.al [ 5 ] studies the execution of fuzzy border sensing in MATLAB environment to observe the borders of an input image by scanning it throughout utilizing a 2X2 pel window. The consequences of the implemented algorithm has been compared with the criterion border sensing algorithm such as ‘Canny’ , ‘Sobel’ , ‘Prewit’ and ‘Roberts’ . The fuzzy regulation based image processing algorithm for observing the borders in the image, based on the alterations in the grey values is presented by writers C. Kavitha et.al [ 6 ] . Gray values of the image are taken as the input of the fuzzy system and a floating mask of 3Ãâ€"3 is applied on the image to observe border pel utilizing the preset fuzzy regulations. The execution of fuzzed logic to observe the borders in MATLAB is presented by writers Er.Mandeep Singh Sandhu et.al [ 7 ] .Edges are detected in horizontal, perpendicular and in diagonal waies utilizing 5X5 pel window. And it besides presents different advantages and disadvantages of fuzzed logic. The consequences of the implemented algorithm has been compared with the criterion border sensing algorithm such as ‘Sobel’ and ‘Roberts’ . 1.2 PROBLEM FORMULATION From the literature study it has been observed that there are issues of false border find, losing genuine borders, making slender or thick lines and issues because of noise and so on. So fuzzed logic has been used for minor border sensing in the image and besides fuzzed logic algorithm helps to get the better of the false border detected by the sobel border operator. The MATLAB executing of typical border locater has been done before nevertheless from literature study it has been observed that there is drawback of immense computation clip. So to suppress the issue the proposed algorithm is implemented in XILINX. 1.3 Aim The chief aims of the undertaking work that are to be carried out are as follows To plan and implement the sobel border sensor and enhanced border sensor algorithm utilizing fuzzed logic in Matlab. To plan and implement the sobel border sensor and enhanced border sensor algorithm utilizing fuzzed logic in Xilinx. To cipher the SNR, PSNR, RMSE of sobel border sensor and enhanced border sensor algorithm utilizing fuzzed logic. To cipher the country and hold of sobel border sensor and enhanced border sensor algorithm. 1.4Methodology Literature Survey to be carried out on border sensor algorithm in Xilinx. Survey includes surveies on different border sensing techniques and different algorithms. To develop the sobel border sensor and enhanced border sensor algorithm utilizing fuzzed logic in Matlab and Xilinx. Using Xilinx package calculates the country and hold of sobel border sensor and enhanced border sensor algorithm to be implemented. Comparing the border images of Sobel and implemented enhanced border sensor algorithm utilizing fuzzed logic. Calculating the SNR, PSNR, RMSE of sobel border sensor and enhanced border sensor algorithm utilizing fuzzed logic. 1.5 TOOLS REQUIRED 1.5.1 Software Requirements i‚ · Matlab ( 7.10 ) Xilinx 1.5.2 Hardware Requirement Spartan 3E 1.6Applications Used in satellite images edge sensing. Satellite images consist of many characteristics and objects with different forms and size. Edge sensing helps to pull out utilize full information. Used in medical images edge sensing for object acknowledgment of the human variety meats. Grape leaf disease sensing and analysis. Bettering image quality. Egg shell defects sensing on white eggs. 1.7 ADVANTAGES An advantage of using a bigger size sobel mask is that the mistake because of the impacts of noise are decreased by vicinity averaging inside of the country of the mask. An favourable place of using a mask of uneven size is that the operators are focused and hence can supply an rating that is based on Centre pel. Fuzzy techniques can cover with the ambiguity and vagueness proficiently. Fuzzy logic is tolerant of unsure informations. 1.8 DISADVANTAGES Minor strength fluctuations in grey scale images can non be detected utilizing sobel operators. Sobel operator detects false borders along with true borders. 1.9 ORGANIZATION OF REPORT This study consists of 5 chapters and mentions. Chapter 1:Presents the Introduction, Literature study, Problem preparation, Objectives, Tools required, Methodology, Applications, Advantages, Disadvantages and eventually the Project study organisation. Chapter 2:Provides brief theory about the undertaking. Chapter 3:Presents the inside informations about execution of sobel operator in matlab. Chapter 4:Provides the consequences and treatments of undertaking. Chapter 5:Provides the decisions and future work about the undertaking. Mentions:Provides sufficient mentions relevant to the undertaking for easy apprehension of the capable affair and some of the beginnings used in development. How to cite Fuzzy Logic Algorithms for Minor Edge Detection, Essay examples

Theory of Consumer Behavior and Optimal Choice - Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the case study of Theory of Consumer Behavior and Optimal Choice. Answer: Introduction: By virtue of the theory of consumer behavior the optimal choice of bundle depends on the equilibrium obtained from utility maximization subject to the budget constraint. The figure below shows optimal choice of Doreens family between childcare service and remaining other goods. In the above figure consumption of childcare service is measured on the horizontal axis while remaining other goods are measured in vertical axis. Given that, the familys current income is $60,000. The family does not spend more than half of their income on consumption of child care service management. This put a restriction on the budget line as shown from the kink of the budget line, MNO. The kink implies the family is spending exactly half of their income on childcare and half on the other goods[1]. The family is currently spending $10,000 for childcare. The amount spend on other goods is therefore ($60,000-$10,000) = $50,000. The point of equilibrium is at e where the indifference curve I1 is tangent to the budget line MNO. The equilibrium bundle of goods is given as (10000, 50000). A subsidy of 85% on total cost of subsidies implies that the family can now consume more of health care services at the given income. Imposition of subsidy shifts the budget line from MNO to MNO. The family now needs to pay only 15% of childcare cost[2]. The rest that is 85% or additional 8500 can be spent on other goods. Total spending on other goods is now ($50,000 + $8,500) = $58,000. The equilibrium is now shifted to e1 with optimum bundle of (10000, 58500). In any consumption choice price plays an important role. The choice between dinning out to a restaurant and dining in home significantly influenced by increasing cost of dinning at restaurant[3]. As mentioned in the article the cost of eating at restaurant has increased by 2.4 percent while the same at home decreased by 2.2% in this year. The change in price leads to a price effect which in turn causes the optimal consumption choice to change. In figure 3, the horizontal and vertical axis measures good in home (X) and food at restaurant (Y) respectively. AB is the initial budget line. The utility level of consumer is indicated by the initial indifferent curve I1. Suppose initially the price of X is P1. Given the price and budget constraint, equilibrium is indicated by the point E with optimal consumption of X and Y being X1 and Y1 respectively. Consider now the home price declines to P2. This makes a pivotal shift of the budget line towards X axis from AB to AB1. E2 is the new equilibrium, corresponds to a higher indifference curve I2. The optimal consumption choice for X now increases to X1 while that for Y decreases to Y2. This in known as the price effect[4]. To understand the price effect in terms of joint impact of income and substitution effect an artificial budget line parallel to new budget line has drawn. This budget line is tangent to I1 at the point E1. The magnitude of substitution effect is the shift from E to E1 while that of income effect is from E1 to E2. The workers choice between leisure and working hours are modeled in framework of labor and leisure. This is same as indifference curve analysis for two consumption goods. The budget constrain is the wage line while utility of consumers is modeled with the indifference curve. When there is an increases in tax rate, then the effective wage to workers reduces. This implies for each additional work effort the workers get a lower effective wage. This in turn means leisure now becomes cheaper as worker have to forgo a lower amount of wage[5]. This encourages workers to substitute more work hours with leisure. This is the substitution effect of increased tax rate. The substitution effect always increases leisure over work effort. There is another effect on taxes, which is the income effect. The lower wage reduces purchasing power of people. Therefore, to keep the level of utility at a certain level workers need to work more hours[6]. The income effect therefore has a positive influence on working hours. An increases in tax rate therefore has two opposite effect on work hours. If substitution effect dominates then working hours decreases while if income effect dominates then working hours increases. The two cases are described below. WT is the initial wage line with equilibrium at E1. An increase in the tax rate shifts the wage line from WT to W1T. In figure 4, substitution effect dominates and hence work hours reduces from TH1 to TH2. Opposite is the case in figure 5. The substitution of manual labor with a process called automation put has made laborers to live with the anxiety of losing jobs. The threat was initially limited only to manual workers. However, the advent of more advanced technology now substitute informative works as well. With this the earlier concern for job type of whether white collar or manual has now shifted to routine or non-routine jobs. As mentioned in the article, in America nearly 47 percent are under pressure of job loss from automation. The class of workers more vulnerable to the substitution by automation include logistics jobs and that in transportation including delivery service or taxi drivers[7]. The potential job profiles in office support program (receptionist, security guards and the like) are suffering from automation employed in offices. The technique of automation quickly substitutes manual workings of office clerk, that of telemarketers and accountants. People engaged in this jobs are more exposed to losing jobs in adaptation of computerization. The opportunity of finding jobs in new industry has also become limited with advanced training program guided by machine learning process[8]. The modern automation techniques in addition to threating jobs in development of software affects jobs in sectors like health care, works in administrative departments and such others. The reliance on artificial intelligence associated with fifth generation computers has now become a growing trend. Sectors adapting artificial intelligence possess high dangers of losing jobs. The other vulnerable sectors include sales agents in real estate, typist, technical writers and word processing jobs. Reference list Automation And Anxiety' (The Economist, 2018) https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21700758-will-smarter-machines-cause-mass-unemployment-automation-and-anxiety accessed 20 March 2018 'Changes To The Child Care Rebate System' (NewsComAu, 2018) https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/parenting/what-the-child-care-changes-mean-for-you/news-story/75447014c6e02d23f2b6aec34711e5d9 accessed 20 March 2018 Cowen, Tyler, and Alex Tabarrok.Modern Principles of Microeconomics. Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. 'Forbes Welcome' (Forbes.com, 2018) https://www.forbes.com/sites/daniellemarceau/2016/11/22/low-food-costs-oversupply-and-changing-consumer-preferences-spell-bad-news-for-restaurant-industry/#7ef7bd177e72 accessed 20 March 2018 Maurice, S. Charles, and Christopher Thomas.Managerial Economics. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2015. Nicholson, Walter, and Christopher M. Snyder.Intermediate microeconomics and its application. Cengage Learning, 2014. Rader, Trout.Theory of microeconomics. Academic Press, 2014. 'Supply-Side Guru Arthur Laffer Hails TrumpS Tax Policy' (Ft.com, 2018) https://www.ft.com/content/8cb63288-bc85-11e6-8b45-b8b81dd5d080 accessed 20 March 2018.

Baseball Essays (482 words) - Baseball, , Term Papers

Baseball Sports are the biggest source of entertainment around the world. There are many sports in America, but baseball is our pastime. Baseball is what started Americas interest in sports, and millions of people love the sport to this day. A baseball game is a very special event. Attending a game makes you realize that baseball really is more than a game. Baseball is rich with history. There have been many changes over the years, but we appreciate the game today because of those changes. There are some dedicated fans when it comes to baseball. Every year each fan has high hopes that their team will win it all this year. No matter what the circumstance, when it comes to baseball you can never give up and you always have to believe. Baseball appeals to your senses in many ways. You see amazing things, the smells are great, and you hear some pretty cool stuff. Attending a baseball game is a very exciting, mind opening event. The sights at a game are awesome. The grass fresh cut and Kelly green. The dirt soft, silky, and perfectly combed. The stadium filled with faces and camera flashes, the players warming up before the game in hopes of winning. There are people walking up and down the isles selling hot dogs, peanuts, and cotton candy. All these are wonderful sights at a baseball game. The smells at a baseball game are limitless. The smell of fresh hotdogs fills the air. Freshly cut grass that smells like new beginnings is in the atmosphere. Peanuts and sugar filled cotton candy fill the air of the bleachers. The air smells cleaner, like there is no pollution or smog in it, everything is perfect. The sounds you can hear at a baseball game are unforgettable. To start off there is not much better than the beautiful sound of a mitt popping when a fastball is rocketed in there by a pitcher. There is the sweet sound of a wooden bat crushing a baseball right after the pitch is thrown. There are fans yelling chants about the other team, and fans getting fired up when the umpire makes a bad call. Whenever someone hits a homerun or scores a run, the crowd makes and exhilarating noise as everyones hopes continue to rise. Those are just some of the many sounds you can hear while attending a baseball game. As you can see, attending a baseball game is more than just loading up in the car and going somewhere. It truly is a one of a kind event. Baseball creates dreams, dreams are followed and passions are created. Baseball is a tradition, an American delicacy. Next time you are thinking about baseball and what it is about, think of all the fantasies that come from it and end the end you will realize that baseball truly is more than a game.

English literature unit 1 assignment 2 Essays

English literature unit 1 assignment 2 Essays English literature unit 1 assignment 2 Essay English literature unit 1 assignment 2 Essay The women in Spies are mainly presented through the eyes of the younger Stephan, whose growing maturity means that his views often change throughout the novel. It is important to note that his views may be mixed due to the nature of the main women in the text; Mrs Hayward and Barbara Berrill; they do not portray the typical attitudes of women in the 1940 era.Stephens particular attention to Mrs Hayward when comparing their families greatness to his own is important, because it shows early on that he notices things about women that he finds particularly remarkable; this is apparent when the older Stephan ponders whether his younger self would have perceived the grace and sincerity of Keiths mother quite so clearly if his own hadnt spent most of the day in a faded apron, sighing and anxious? It is clear that Stephen admires Mrs Hayward for her social appearance amongst the women of the era. The attention to details of Mrs Hayward such as her perfectly plucked ey ebrows is a clear indication that the admiration of her by Stephan soon turns to fixation as he steps into the world of adolescence, she represents the older woman out of reach.Although Frayn frequently portrays Stephens dislike of women, there are many contradictions where he is showing affection for them; particularly Mrs Hayward and Barbara. Stephens first introduction of Barbara is very negative and dismissive. He introduces her as one of the children in the close, she is beneath our notice, sly and treacherous as most girls are. When she enters the den Stephen is shocked and outraged that she crossed the line into the boys world. As her presence in the den continues theres a difference in Stephen as he begins to accept that mankind and womankind are related.As Stephen enters adolescence he begins to notice things about Barbara, that as of her first visit to the den changed. Frayn tries to make this clear by the in depth, positive descriptions of her, even when Stephen protested he didnt like her. Theres something girlishly self satisfying about the bobliness of the leather and the shininess of the purse that offends me almost as much as her intrusion.Frayns theme of domination in the text is well expressed through his presentation of the women in the text. We have Barbaras superiority over Stephan. An example of her intellectual superiority is when she was mocking Stephen, you mean you dont know what privet is? she exerts her physical superiority over Stephen when she effortlessly pushes him over and pins him down to get a look into the basket. Similarly Mrs Hayward, as Barbara did, recognises the mistake made by Keith about the spelling of the sign very thoughtful of you chaps to put that label on it, meaning that she believes that the boys merely labelled the hedge. She also expresses her control over Stephen, making it clear to him that she controls his friendship with Keith, I dont want to have to stop him seeing you. It is made obvious that she is ve ry persuasive. When she is in need of something from Stephen, she uses persuasive language to encourage him to trust her so you see Im trusting you, Im putting you on your honour, this is to the point and forceful but in a soft tone that Stephen can find calming, something that he wont fear but admire.In contradiction the women also show weakness. Barbara shows signs of submissiveness when her mother calls her in and threatens her if shes late. When Keiths father comes to talk to Stephen, Barbara also shows fear as she cowers away. The biggest example of submissive behaviour from the women in the story are that of Mrs Hayward; on the surface she is an assertive, well presented woman who takes pride in her appearance physically and communally. But beneath the surface is a maze of physical abuse and male dominance. As the first signs of domestic abuse within the Hayward house become apparent, the reader is convinced that Mr Hayward is a dominant and unpleasant individual. Stephen noti ces that on occasions Mrs Hayward is made up more heavily than usual and wears high cravats that cover her neck, probably to cover any visible signs of abuse.In conclusion Frayn portrays the women in the text as superior mentally and intellectually to the males. However it is also important to see them as submissive, it plays a large role within the text. In my opinion this technique used by frayn of having the aspects of the women tells the story, brings the concepts of modern and olden day living together. This creates realism for the reader to develop and create a mental picture of what may have gone on with the women during this time within the story.

Financial Research Report of Hewlett Packard Co Essay

Financial Research Report of Hewlett Packard Co - Essay Example Hewlett Packard Co. (HP) was formed in 1939 and it is today one of the largest IT companies with its revenue touching $118.4 billion during the financial year 2008.HP is in the industry of Diversified Computer Systems, and is one of 2008 Fortune 500 companies and is placed at no. 14 in the list. HP is a leading provider of e- technologies and products, software, solutions, and services for meeting the business and educational needs of the world. The company caters individuals, small and medium enterprises, as well as large enterprises in different fields of business and social strata. The basic objective of HP is to focus on three technological shifts. The first is to provide for next- generation data center. The second is to attain ‘always on always connected mobile computing, and third to provide for ubiquitous printing and imaging. HP intends to grow into an economic, social, and technological asset to each nation and community where HP carries on its business. HP is committed to three priority areas of raising social and environmental standards in the supply chain; improving energy efficiency in its operations, and to promote product reuse and recycling. HP’s business is divided into three business groups, namely, the Personal System Group, the Imaging and Printing Group, and the Technology Solution Group. The Personal System Group is in the manufacturing of business and consumer PCs, mobile computing devices, and workstations. The Imaging and Printing Group is in business of inkjet, laser jet, and commercial printing, printing supplies, digital photography, and entertainment. The Technology Solution Group deals in business products like storage and servers, EDS, managed services and software. The aims of the company are to make professional marketing services affordable for small businesses, to remain innovative and

Social Theories Of Development And Learning Essay

Social Theories Of Development And Learning - Essay Example Despite the great number of strategies and techniques which have been developed to assist a teacher, a today’s educator often feels frustrated because of the inability to control his/her learners and/or teach them the required material. Knowledge of classroom and behavior management is essential for having a well-structured and effective study session. The relationship based on mutual respect and understanding between a teacher and a child is the essential part of good instructional program realization. A teacher can take up various roles, but the major one would be that of an instructional leader and classroom manager. It has to be stressed that effective classroom managers are not born, but made.According to the numerous studies, dual language or dual immersion program has a number of advantages, especially if to speak about the one which is being employed from early years. Many educators who teach children within dual language program start from kindergarten. According to S oderman, the research in this area has proven a number of cognitive advantages for early exposition to second languages. Unlike unilingual children in the educational environment, bilingual children "are driven to higher levels of cognitive flexibility". Learning a second language in dual language program is different from that of regular learning a foreign language which can be found in the regular school. This program can give much more than mere acquisition of vocabulary, a set of grammar rules or practical syntax.

Roles Of The Supervisor | Essay

Roles Of The Supervisor | Essay A supervisor is someone who guides and oversees the work or activities of a student or another counselor. The three major goals of a supervisor include enhancing the skills and knowledge of professional and or student counselors, to ensure the welfare of the clients and maintain control between the client and the student. A supervisors responsibility is to mentor and teach students and professionals (Erford, 2010, p. 202-205). The supervisor will challenge, encourage and stimulate a student or professional counselor to help them gain the knowledge to become proficient (Erford, 2010, p. 202-205). There are different purposes for a counseling supervisor, among them include improving the counselors professional and personal growth, encouraging a counselors knowledge and advancement of liable counseling services and programs. Among the roles of a supervisor include advocate, case consultant, collaborator and teacher. A supervisor helps counselors explore their counter transference issues. The supervisor support interpersonal and intrapersonal exploration of the student or counselors teaching and assessment. Supervisors explore diversity issues of counselor, student, and client. (Erford, 2010, p. 202-205). Model of a supervisor includes developmental approach, models developed for the supervisor and theory-based. When a supervisor works from a theory based supervision model work with students and counselors in the same way of their counseling theory. Some of the content, focus, and process of supervision are grounded in the supervisors counseling model include the developmental approach, models developed and theory based (Smallwood, 2010) Models of Supervision with Michael Part I Michael has worked as an intern student for two months under the supervision of Janet. Janet is a theory based supervisor. She uses the person-centered model of supervision (Erford, 2010, p. 202-205). Michael shows a lack of confidence. However, with the person-centered approach, he should gain more confidence because this approach encourages confidence. Janet will use Michaels experiences to help him gain knowledge of his gain a personal awareness. Janet will not judge his mistakes; instead she will have empathy, and accept his mistakes as a means to learn. Janet will discuss Michaels difficulties with him as a means of learning from his mistakes. When Michael shares his concerns with his client, he is letting Janet is aware that he needs and appreciates her suggestions Michael is trying to learn from the way Janet would deal with this situation. Janet may get some ideas from Michael to help him see his own feelings regarding his thoughts (Smallwood, 2010). To help his gain confidence the supervisor works closely with the student and counselor and develops a working relationship. (Smallwood, 2010). If Janet was a developmental model supervisor, she would encourage Michael to gain confidence by becoming aware of himself and other. She would encourage him to become motivated and gain independence. Michael would be going to Janet for advice because she is the supervisor, and she wants him to be relatively dependent on her. Michael should eventually become more independent and function unaided without seeking approval from his supervisor. (The International Child and Youth Care Network, 2001). There are eight growth areas that Janet will be helping Michael to attain. These areas include assessment techniques, client conceptualization, interpersonal assessment, intervention, individual differences, professional ethics treatment goals and plans, and skill competence (The International Child and Youth Care Network, 2001). The discrimination model of supervision is divided into three categorized patient centered, supervisee-centered, and supervisory-matrix-centered. This approach gives the supervisor much authority because their role is didactic, allowing the student or counselor to treat the patient. This model focuses on the client, not the student or counselor allows for some interaction between the counselor and the student. In Michaels case this form of supervision may not work as he has little self esteem or confidence in himself (Smith, 2009) Part II Importance of Supervision to counselors and professional counselors The benefits a student or professional counselor gain from supervision include development in personally and professional, gain new strategies, have support, and are given the opportunity to develop professionally (Benshoff, 1992-12-00). Supervision is critical in learning, maintaining and improving professional skills of students and professional counselors. Counselors and professional counselors incorporate their academic training with hands on experience. Supervision also gives counselors the ability to learn about their own style of counseling and examine the strengths and weaknesses. Supervision is also effective in increasing the knowledge of the counselor by giving them the ability to help each other and learn from mistakes (Benshoff, 1992-12-00) There may be times when supervision is impossible. This is when the counselors work together in what is called a triadic model by rotating the tomes of counselor, commentator and facilitator with peer supervision sections. This helps counselors develop professional counseling skills by implementing them effectively with clients (Benshoff, 1992-12-00). Supervision helps counselors to learn by teaching or mentoring them. The supervisor challenges, encourages, and stimulates the counselor to give them the knowledge to gain confidence. Supervisors help counselors to develop into exemplary counselors by promoting their personal and professional development by teaching, mentoring, collaborating, and consulting. (Erford, 2010, p. 202-205). Heading for Conclusion/Summary Supervision is essential to challenge, stimulate and encourage counselors and professionals by gaining knowledge from advocating, mentoring, teaching, training and collaborating. The focus of counseling supervisors is to facilitate the counselors development professionally and personally. Supervisors also consider the diversity of counselors and professionals in the counseling relationship and respect differing opinions and beliefs (Erford, 2010, p. 202-205). There are different models of supervising including the theory based, developmental approach and the models developed for supervision (book). The person centered theory is when supervisors try to build a working relationship with the counselors in order to gain their trust. Supervisors show empathy and genuine concern for the counselor pointing out mistakes, in a way that is not demeaning (Erford, 2010, p. 202-205). A supervisor who correctly uses the person centered theory will help the counselor to have self confidence and the ability to understand the counseling process. When a supervisor uses the cognitive behavioral model they are teaching the counselor appropriate behavior and helping them to develop specific skills needed to allow them to become motivated and gain successful knowledge. (Erford, 2010, p. 202-205). The supervisor assesses the counselor or professional for each issue and helps them work through issues, so they can move on to the next of the three levels. The eight domains of professional counseling that are addressed include assessment techniques, client conceptualization, individual differences intervention skills, treatment goals and plans and theoretical orientation and professional ethics. (Erford, 2010, p. 202-205). Other theories of the discrimination model include Intervention skills, conceptualization skills and personalization skills (Erford, 2010, p. 202-205) .

Emerging Adulthood Paper

After leaving the adolescence stage, young adults are not ready mentally to take on adult roles and responsibilities. Therefore the stage called emerging adulthood takes place before adulthood is entered. According to a survey, a large amount of Americans felt they were adult only in their late twenties and early thirties. During the period of emerging adulthood, many common changes take place in educational paths, jobs, love partners, and identity. Also, many people make changes their majors several times, and after graduating enter graduate school which delays settlement into the desired career path.Since young adults are always on the move, they move in and out of homes and resident halls. Due to unsettlement in career and being on the move, results in delay marriage as well. However, not every young adult around the world goes through this typical phase – emerging adulthood. Many young adults in non-western countries have no emerging adulthood. They enter marriage, parenth ood, and lifelong work early. In low-SES families, young people do not finish high school or are unprepared for college, and are less likely to leave home, therefore emerging adulthood is nonexistent.Emerging adults also begin too to build intimacy and trust in relationships that will last a lifetime. However, individuals in emerging adulthood think of intimacy in a different way than in the past. The Sacramento Bee published an article on â€Å"Researchers Find College Students’ Sexual Hookups More Complex than Originally Thought,† by Binghamton University which states that in the U. S. emerging adults have created a new shift during the period of adolescence and young adulthood in which they are more open to and accept uncommitted sexual activity during the college years.Justin R. Garcia, a researcher from The Kinsey Institute said that cultural dating has changed and moved away from dating under parental supervision. Emerging adults view sex in a non-committal way, using it as an experience as opposed to a committed relationship that will last over the years. Researchers got together to conclude a brief look at the cultural circumstance identified as â€Å"hook-ups. † A large percentage of emerging adults’ hookup, however it is not just about the sex, said Garcia. Many seek for love and a romantic relationship.Also, alcohol and drug use play a major role in uncommitted sex. But this research is not just about the negative effects of hookups. The study gives an opportunity to understand this stage of a young person’s development and for parents and those who interact with emerging adults to be educated about sexual behavior in emerging adults. I believe this will continue to be a specific period of time because every person from the age of 18 begins to make long term-goals for the future. The first long term decision that has a large effect on their life is the choice to attend college.I think that by moving away to another state or country for college creates not only changes environmentally, but also in relationships with family, friends, and close ones and new relationships are built as well. On the other hand, in the near future, I believe that this period will continue to change. More and more high school graduates will go on to college to get a rewarding job financially compared in the past. College students will also depend on their parents financially due to high rates of taxes and since jobs are hard to obtain. If this does not change, emerging adults will not move out until they are financially stable.Marriage will be postponed as well. Emerging adults will start getting married after graduating from college to be able to support a family. However, I think that many will restrain from getting married. There will not only be the technology but also more to see and do by traveling to satisfy one’s self. Also, many emerging adults view sex in a non-committal way. Emerging adults may not see the need for marriage when they don’t need to commit to one person. Which is why I believe life will be different in the future for this period of adulthood.

American Popular Culture Essay

American popular culture has brought entertainment to many for the past two centuries. However, very little people know the extent to which American popular culture has shaped the historical relationship between marginalized social groups and dominate American society. Traditionally, the term popular culture has denoted the education level and general â€Å"cultural-ness† of the lower classes, as opposed to the â€Å"official culture† and higher education emanated by the dominant classes. This separation of upper class and lower class became even more pronounced towards the end of the 19th century. At the end of the 19th century the was a strong need for one to express their intellectualism as well as further their education in order to gain a higher status in society. Due to the need to denote other races, we have the arrival of black face minstrelsy in American popular culture, which allowed for inferior white races such as the Jewish of Irish to gain approval from the dominate white culture. However, black face minstrelsy also forced African Americans further into segregation from American society. During the period of Modernity from 1870 to 1930, there was a strong fascination with the Wild West and Manifest Destiny. During this time there was the formation of the Boy Scouts, which was the true depiction of what Americans thought it was like to be Native American. Due to irrational fears and anxieties, American popular culture took comfort in â€Å"playing Indian† because it allowed them to express these worries in American mainstream media. From the end of World War I, following major cultural and social changes brought by mass media innovations, the meaning of popular culture began to overlap with those of mass culture, media culture, and culture for mass consumption. Because of World War II, many women were put to work in order to fill the jobs of the men at war allowing them to gain a sense of independence. However, other events in history such as Vaudeville, and the idea of the New Woman also allowed women to gain a sense of power during the 19th century with pioneers such as Sarah Bernhardt. American popular culture was the gender revolutions biggest supporter as well as its biggest critic. Throughout American history, popular culture has been an entry way for marginal social groups into the political, economic, and social mainstream of American society. With Irish and Jewish males finally being accepted by dominate white society through the performance of black face minstrelsy as well as women being able to control their own being through expression in Vaudeville. However, while these minorities are able to further their social hierarchy through performance, African Americans and Native Americans were often exploited as a way of making profit. While American popular culture has its positive social constructions, I believe the negative effects that American popular culture has had on the historical relationship between marginal social groups and American society has caused too much damage to repair. Through acts such as the minstrelsy shows, the Buffalo Bill Show as well as films and plays of the time, minorities are depicted in a subordinate role to the Anglo-Saxon male. These acts within popular culture spilled over onto American society and allowed for the prejudice and racism of the 19th and 20th century. The minstrel show, or minstrelsy, was an American popular culture entertainment consisting of comedy skits, variety acts, dancing, and music performed by white people in blackface. Blackface was when a White American would paint their face with black makeup and exaggerate their lips and being to impersonate an African American male. Minstrel shows caricatured black people as poor, lazy, dim-witted, buffoonish, happy-go-lucky and violent. The minstrel show began with brief parodies and comic entr’actes in the early 1830s and emerged as a full-fledged form of mass entertainment in the next decade. In 1848, blackface minstrel shows were the national art of the time, translating formal art such as opera into popular terms for a general audience. Minstrel songs and sketches featured several run-of-the-mill characters; the slave and the dandy in nice clothes quickly began the crowd favorites. These were further divided into sub-archetypes such as the mammy, her counterpart the old darky, the provocative mulatto wench, and the black soldier. Minstrel performers claimed that their songs and dances were authentically â€Å"black†, although the extent of the black influence remains debatable. The depictions of African Americans as these â€Å"token† characters, allowed for the ignorance of White America to be validated through the representation of minorities through stereotypes. African Americans were seen as bumbling fools who couldn’t take care of themselves and needed a White master to explain the world to their simple minds. African Americans were seen as people who needed someone to represent them; they needed someone with power to gain control of an â€Å"untamed† culture. A certain version of a black identity can be created through things like the minstrel show and other forms of popular culture, and that understanding has led to material practices like racial segregation and social inequality and educational deprivation. Americans use to believe that race could be distinguished biologically and that different ethnicities had different DNA coding than others. American popular culture is how most people learn about other identities and allowed them to understand the practices of another culture. As Professor Avila stated in lecture â€Å"the minstrel show is one of the sites in history where this could be found. The 19th century was a time where people saw racial difference and were terrified by it. The existence of slavery and its uncertain future promoted a mixed range of responses by Americans and they were acted in a variety of ways† (Avila Lecture January 15th 2013). The minstrel shows are a perfect example of how White Americans acted out their own prejudice to enact their own culture in 19th and 20th century America. The Minstrel performers were often men of Jewish or Irish descent, which were two groups of people who were discriminated against even though they were White. Often, Jewish and Irish men took comfort in dressing up in Blackface for the minstrel shows because it allowed them to relate to the audience as well as the character they are portraying. These performers used minstrelsy as a platform to gain social hierarchy in American popular culture by bringing comic relief to a working class audience. Also, they often were able to finally express themselves once they put the Blackface make-up on because it served as a mask which hid their actual identity from the audience. These minorities were able to use their performances to gain acceptance from the dominant White American society. However, this upward social mobility came at a large price for African Americans during the 19th century. The depiction of African Americans as fools or grime savages in the minstrel show furthered the discrimination and stereotypes upheld by Anglo-Americans. Minstrels were not shifty in their theft of black cultural expressions and practices. The performers depicted these expressions quite brazenly, acknowledging and emphasizing the speeches and songs they created. At the same time, black face minstrels were the first self-conscious white entertainers in the world. While they told themselves they were only playing the role of an African American in American society, they often found their life struggles were very similar to those of the characters they portrayed. This mutual discrimination by dominant White America, allowed for African Americans and the White Americans portraying them in minstrel shows to bridge a formerly segregated gap in American society. Blackface minstrelsy was the first distinctly American theatrical form, and deeply rooted in American popular culture. In the 1830s and 1840s, it was at the core of the rise of an American music industry, and for several decades it provided the lens through which white America saw black America. On the one hand, it had strong racist aspects and furthered discrimination of minorities in America; on the other, it afforded white Americans a singular and broad awareness of what some whites of the time, considered significant aspects of black-American culture to be. Although the minstrel shows were extremely popular, being â€Å"consistently packed with families from all walks of life and every ethnic group†, they were also extremely controversial. Racial integrationists decried them as falsely showing happy slaves while at the same time making fun of them; segregationists thought such shows were â€Å"disrespectful† of social norms, portrayed runaway slaves with sympathy and would undermine the southerners’ â€Å"peculiar institution†. With Irish, German, Polish, Italian, Russian-Jews, and Native stock within the audience, the minstrel show provided a relational model by which those in audiences could unite in whiteness. And although the minstrel show sometimes did highlight interethnic diversities, they all could share in this particular joke – the laziness and stupidity of black people. African Americans were not the only minority group to suffer social, political and economic discrimination during the late 19th century and early 20th century. Native Americans who are the rightful owners of our beautiful land have faced harsh and cruel discrimination from dominant White American society. Throughout early American history, there was a strong push for Manifest Destiny, or the wide held belief that American settlers were destined to expand throughout the continent. This ideology was upheld by most Americans because they believed that God had told them it was their destiny to settle on this land. Due to the fact that they believed it was their destiny, the settlers took little to no pity on the people who already inhabited the land they were seizing. The concept of Western expansion seemed to be on the forefront of every Americans mind during the late 19th century, allowing for new fears and anxieties to form about Native Americans. With leisure time becoming a strong part of American culture, there became a strong pull to produce shows to entertain the masses after a hard day’s work. Showmen such as William F. Cody began to produce shows like the Buffalo Bill show, which featured relations between cowboys and Indians. For 23 years, the show featured a skit called â€Å"attack on setter’s cabin† as the grand finale show. This skit would start by showing a frontier home which was set on fire by savages, each time the encircling group of Indians came close to the cabin, Buffalo Bill would ride out on his horse to the rescue and save the day. The common theme of the Buffalo Bill show was to reinforce the heroic image of the Cowboy who expanded the land from sea to shining sea, saving the lives of White Americans and killing the enemies who stopped their destiny. While William F. Cody would sometimes depict a Native American in some of the skits, he was often the heroic cowboy everybody was waiting to see. However, working as a Native American in the production of the Buffalo Bill show had its upside. William F. Cody did not adhere to government demands as often fought to resist them to gain rights for his employees. One example of his resistance is allowing his Native American actors to keep their long hair instead of assimilating to dominate society like the government demanded. Also, the Native Americans in the Buffalo Bill show were offered a unique opportunity that many minorities didn’t have during the 19th century in America. Cody offered the Native Americans the chance to travel the country and make an income that was sizable. Taking part in these reenactments of American history also allowed for Native Americans to hold onto a sliver of their culture in a society who is try to diminish their practices. However, the overall goal of the Buffalo Bill show was not to inform the public about the cultural and social practices of Native Americans, but rather a remedy for the fantasies and fears that flooded American society during the late 19th century As stated by professor Avila â€Å"the image of the Indian has this degree of symbolic flexibility to be able to contain the projected fantasies and anxieties of Native Americans† (Avila, Lecture, January 29th 2013). The onslaught of Modernity challenged the concept of identity for everyone in America. The anxieties of the upper class about a minority revolt were enhanced by the acceleration of modernity (Lawrence, American Culture). Modernity brought a deep sense of transformation from an old world order to a new society. â€Å"However, this allowed for the objectification of people and products alike, with things becoming abstract commodities, like people becoming cogs in a machine, rather than being an independent human† (Nasaw, Going Out). Suddenly during the late 19th century there was a strive for authenticity, or a culturally-constructed category created in opposition to a perceived state of inauthenticity; a way to imagine and idealize the real, the traditional, and the organic in opposition to the perceived inauthenticity of modern commercial life. Inauthenticity was beginning to plague the youth of America and there was a strong push toward needing to be authentic. One of the urban responses about the corruption of youth was the invention of boy scouts, which wanted to introduce frontier experiences to youth, with an emphasis on scouting, camping, exercise, and a wholesome relationship with nature. The concept of the Boy Scouts takes the idea of â€Å"playing Indian† to its fullest extent. The actual image of the Indian was important to the Boy Scouts understanding of nature and the things that inhabit it. The Boy Scouts idealized the image of a Native American because it represented the human removed from modern life, who is retaining virtues from nature by living in it. White Americans use â€Å"playing Indian† as a way of projecting their fears and anxieties about the unknown onto the lives of Native Americans. Although it is not a strong point of the Buffalo Bill show, William F. Cody was known for his performances as he heroic cowboy, but he sometimes depicted the â€Å"Indian† in some of his skits. The audience at the shows seemed to like when the White actor would dress up as Native Americans, because they felt like they could connect better with that actor and his struggles. The idea of â€Å"playing Indian† in American popular culture can be seen both negatively and positively. Unfortunately, â€Å"playing Indian† led to the development of new stereotypes and anxieties, as well as reinforced old stereotypes about Native Americans. This caused a lot of tension and fear between the White settlers and the Native inhabitants of the land. On the other hand, â€Å"playing Indian† allowed for a previously intolerant society to gain a better understanding of the cultures and societies around them. Through experimenting with â€Å"playing Indian† American popular culture has both hampered the historical relationship between marginalized social group and American dominate society as well as strengthened the bond between two previously segregated groups. The American concepts of Manifest Destiny and Western expansion created many fears and anxieties for the White settlers of the land. After the closing of the frontier in 1890, Americans began to face new anxieties that European settlers would come from all parts of Europe and demolish the democracy that America had worked so hard to create. We can accredit most of the need in America for White Americans to portray themselves as Indians to the concept of Modernization. With Modernization came the invention of the railroads and the automobile which gave a stronger push toward urbanization. White Americans felt the need to seek simpler times like they had before industrialization and modernization took their course on American popular culture. Throughout American popular culture, there has always been a need to enforce a social hierarchy to make sure that minority groups don’t gain any power. This has proven to be true throughout America history with different racial groups, but minorities do not stop at race. During the 19th and 20th century, women were seen an inferior to men in America simply because they are a different gender. The concept of gender identities is often visited in American popular culture. In lecture, we have discussed how gender roles play out in public spheres of the modern city such as dance halls where women were given freedom to dance and the creation of department stores which gave women the option to work and be part of something outside the home. However, prior to the mid-19th century, women were meant to adhere to tradition gender roles placed on them by society. The rise of the theater and vaudeville house, between 1820s and the 1900s, allowed for popular theater to emerge in the conversation of sexual identities. The female performers in Vaudeville became the agents and metaphors for ancient social roles. This was the era associated with the â€Å"new woman†, who became perceived by the public eye as non-traditional. The new woman was both a social reality, as depicted by Sarah Bernhardt and a cultural concept, as shown by the feminist revolution. It was coined at the end of the century, and described a woman changing her public behavior and adopting new roles within a previously bias society. At the turn of the 20th century, American had a new league of ambitious, educated women who often put off or refused marriage, and dedicated themselves to political causes and social reforms – these women were part of what was labeled as the new woman of the 20th century. By the time of World War I, women demanded political and economic equality with men. Most historians have seen the rise of the political women, but particularly in urban slices of society, an important venue of acceptance was seen. Sarah Bernhardt embodies this idea of the â€Å"new woman†, or a woman who doesn’t see her gender as a limitation to her life. Sarah Bernhardt formed her own theater company, and she was the first actor to tour on an international circuit. She often played the roles of women, many of which were familiar to American audiences. She also accredited for pioneering the form of the woman torn between power hungry aggressions and passive submissions. Onstage, she was usually very dramatic and could perform hysteria without shame, which was usually considered not ladylike. She caused many scandals by playing the roles of men in her plays, like in 1899 where she played the role of Hamlet. She upstaged men performing alongside her, jumping across masculine and feminine roles at the same time, blurring the lines between men and women, and blurring the line between a bad woman and a good woman. Whatever the case, her personality always dominated the characters she played. â€Å"She had an immodest presence and was known for shameless and bold publicity stunts. She could seize the possibilities for self-construction afforded by mass culture and spectacle† (Kasson, Amusing the Millions). She invented the farewell tour, and each tour was loaded with drama and tears. She did this to heighten a dramatic sense of finality, and was a master of advanced publicity and that of her own self-image. She was in control of her own self-image, not unlike women promoted by PT Barnum. Unlike Jenny Lin, Bernhardt called the shots for her performances, and that image was that of a high-strung and egotistic person. She took ownership of her public image, and though she was adored, she was criticized by males for being too unladylike. This could have suggested gender confusion at the time. Nonetheless, she contributes to the large visibility of women, and showed how women could change the terms with public culture. This created new examples of women that were willing to stand for their rights by asserting their demands for political equality. In contrast to the Bernhardt image, there were images in the 20th century American popular culture, which reinforced women as ornaments which were to be produced and handled by men. The creation of the chorus line gave birth to a new type of objectification. The amusement of the line resided with the ability for women who were the entire same image to show their ability to synchronize and choreograph their movements together. The line symbolized the application of the principles of scientific management to mass entertainment. These women who danced in the line all looked the same and held the same facial feature throughout the show almost as if they were wound up robots with someone controlling their every move. The idea is to synchronize limbs and bodies to a series and different steps, and in turn it reflects a faith into human engineering as entertainment. The chorus line was referred to a small army of femininity where women worked rigorously into being part of the crowd, and not an individual. They are parts of a whole, and are theatrically useless when they are separated from each other. They were displays of mechanical awareness, and that also broke the body to eroticize particular parts of the body, exposing these previously well hidden body parts to the public gaze. Historians argue that the chorus line is a perfect example of how men view women within a society; they are just pieces of a machine waiting to comply with a strong males command. These two different types of women that emerged in the 19th and 20th century in America show the strong influence that males had over women during this time period. The â€Å"new woman† was a rebellion against traditional gender roles, while the chorus line depicted a submissive woman who needs male guidance. Throughout 19th and 20th century American popular culture, there has been a lot of discrimination towards this idea of the â€Å"outsider†. In the minstrel show the outside is shown as an African-American male and the â€Å"insider† is the White family who paid to see the show. The creation of The Buffalo Bill show painted Native Americans as the â€Å"outsiders†, even though they inhabited the land before Americans even got here. Finally, American popular culture allowed for women to be depicted as the â€Å"outsider† and males to be presented as the â€Å"insiders†. However, even though these tragedies plague American popular culture minorities still find ways of resistance. Whether it be through Irish and Jewish culturally subordinate groups depicting the stereotypes of another minority to try to fit into mainstream American, or women like Sarah Bernhardt who don’t set limitations to their ambitions due to their gender, American counter culture has always found a way to strike back and its oppressor. I believe that American popular culture has allowed naive Americans to get a better perspective of the hardships faced every day by someone who is considered a â€Å"second class citizen†. American popular culture as both provided a gateway for minorities to fit into modern American society, as well as crumbled any hope for a sensitive bridging of gaps between social, political or racial groups within America. Works Cited Kasson, John. Amusing the Millions: Coney Island at the Turn of the Century. Hill and Wang; First Edition edition, 1978. Print. Levine, Lawrence, â€Å"American Culture and the Great Depression,† The Unpredictable Past: Explorations in American Cultural History Oxford University Press, 1993. Print. Nasaw, David, and . Going Out: The Rise and Fall of Public Amusements. Harvard University Press, 1999. Print.