Is Bullying A Serious Problem - 1683 Words

History of the Problem Bullying has been an ongoing problem all over the world for as long as people can remember. Bullying by definition is, to use superior strength or influence to intimidate (someone), typically to force him or her to do what one wants. Bullying is a very serious problem, victims of bullying are more prone to depression. Bullying does not affect just one group, it can happen to anyone making it a prevalent threat to all of society. Approximately 160,000 teens skip school every day because of bullying.(need citation), and every year 3.2 million students fall victim to bullying. These number are alarming and growing. Physical bullying is not the only type of bullying. Recently within the last two decades technology development has skyrocketed, while this is a positive thing, it has allowed for bullies to change up their tactics and attack and bully from the anonymity of the internet. This allows for the bully to do, say, and post whatever appeases them without being caught. The term cyberbully was nonexistent before the 2000’s. It came into play once companies started to release apps that allowed for social interaction amongst people. Apps such as MySpace, Facebook, Snapchat, and Twitter started to gain much popularity among the people. The term cyber bullying is defined as bullying that takes place using electronic technology. Cyber bullying can happen through an extensive array of methods, some are texts, phone calls, im’s, email, chat rooms etcShow MoreRelatedIs Bullying A Serious Problem?1176 Words   |  5 PagesHundreds of years bullying has been going on, how long will it finally stop? In the United States Suicide is the third leading cause of death among young people, resulting in about 4,400 deaths per year, according to the CDC. For every suicide among young people, there are at least 100 suicide attempts. Over 14 percent of high school students have considered suicide, and almost 7 percent have attempted it. Bullying is a Very serious social matter that needs to stop, Bullying related suicideRead MoreBullying : A Serious Problem1326 Words   |  6 Pagesissue of bullying may seem insignificant and petty, but the truth is we are conditioned to ignore it. The fear of being the next victim has caused many to lose sight of their moral compass when it comes to defending one another or standing up for what is right. Instead we cower and turn our attention to giving way to the biggest and loudest voice. Most people are prone to neglect the fact someone is being bullied, because once again they fear becoming the next victim. School bullying is a p roblemRead MoreBullying Is A Serious Problem2278 Words   |  10 PagesBullying has become a very serious problem in today’s schools, with one in four kids being bullied on a regular basis (School Bullying Statistics, 2015). More specifically kids between sixth and tenth grade are more likely to have involvement in bullying (School Bullying Statistics, 2015). Bullying can include physical, verbal or psychological attacks or intimidation intended to cause fear, or harm to someone (Ttofi Farrington, 2010). Verbal bullying accounts for about 77% of all bullying (SchoolRead MoreCyber Bullying Is A Serious Problem1569 Words   |  7 Pagessocial media, entertainment, and study purposes. What is behind the internet that we do not realize? Bullying comes in many different forms whether getting targeted on the playground, at work, or even on the internet. Bullying is a violent and harmful act. This violence has been around for as long as schools have been around, but bullying has increased elsewhere. The act of cyberbullying, which is bullying that takes place on any form of technology, is expanding abundantly, with â€Å"more than one out ofRead MoreBullying : A Serious Social Problem886 Words   |  4 Pagesnormal aspect of growing up, bullying in schools is increasingly being recognized as a serious social problem that should be met with organized preventative efforts to downsize it. Bullying commonly deals with three aspects such as the nature of its occurrence, the frequency it takes place, and the effects it can have on a person. While each instance is different for each person, one constant is that this is a uncomfortable situation for anyone to deal with. Bullying can be described as a negativeRead MoreBullying Is A Serious Social Problem911 Words   |  4 PagesBullying is a serious social problem that happens in schools between adolescents. Bullying is not taken seriously and often dismissed. The perpetrator and the victim are expected to work o ut the situation on their own. There are many forms of bullying such as physical, verbal, social, and cyber. The perpetrators can have a negative effect on the victim for many years and possibly even life. Despite numerous â€Å"anti-bullying† advertisements and campaigns, bullying is an important social issue that occursRead MoreChildhood Bullying : A Serious Public Health Problem1032 Words   |  5 PagesChildhood bullying has recently been considered a serious public health problem. Little research has been conducted regarding the predisposing factors involved in childhood bullies. Existing literature suggests that the child’s early home environment is strongly correlated with the development of anti-social behaviour. The research paper â€Å"Early Cognitive Stimulation, Emotional Support, and Television Watching as Predictors of Subsequent Bullying Among Grade-School Children† (2005), hypothesizes thatRead MoreBullying : A Serious Problem Affecting Student s Nation Wide With Up2973 Words   |  12 PagesThere is no doubt, that everyone may have had an experience with bullying, either as a witness, victim or possibly a participant. Th ere is one in 10 bullying victims that are bullied daily, while one in five victims are bullied once or twice a month (Mahoney, 2012). Bu llying is known to be a serious problem affecting student’s nation wide with up to 15% reporting regular bullying. V ictimization or bullying by peers has been identified as an area of major concern for school students (KochenderferRead MoreThe Internet and Cyberbullying Essay576 Words   |  3 PagesCyber Bullying Nowadays, the Internet is regarded as the most widely used source of social media and the fastest way to exchange knowledge and information all over the world, playing a vital role in everyone’s daily life. The internet has countless functions, useful for everyday work and entertainment, but it is being abused by people nowadays. One of the ways it is being abused is by cyber bullying. Cyber bullying is when people use the internet to make fun of others, belittle them, andRead MoreThe Dangers Of Bullying That Teens And Kids Face811 Words   |  4 PagesThe Dangers of Bullying that Teens and Kids Face Getting kidnapped, having problems with drugs, being bullied, and teen pregnancy are just a few of the many dangers that teens and kids face every day. One of the biggest concerns today is bullying. Bullying can happen anywhere and is a problem that affects millions of kids and teens each year. Bullying is defined as an unwanted, aggressive behavior among school aged children that involves a real or perceived power imbalance. The behavior is repeated

Book Report On Darkness Can Not Drive Out Darkness

October 26, 2015 English III Mrs. Drake Huckleberry Finn Essay Draft â€Å"Darkness cannot drive out darkness, only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate, only love can do that.† –Martin Luther King Jr. This quote relates very well to Mark Twain’s classic novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Twain was a writer ahead of his time portraying the loving bond that could be developed between a young boy and a runaway slave named Jim. These two characters learned many lessons from each other on their journey to freedom. Twain uses satire to help humanity look upon its abusive nature to see its hatred buried underneath. In this book Huck progressively begins to comprehend that society isn’t always right and that sometimes it is okay to go against in order to do the right thing. People of today are realizing the truth more and more as time passes. The hope is that once everyone finally grasps the truth, they will all be equal. â€Å"I hadn’t had a bite to eat since yesterday, so Jim he got out some corn-dodgers and buttermilk, and pork and cabbage and greens—there ain’t nothing in the world so good when it’s cooked right—and whilst I eat my supper we talked and had a good time. . . .We said there warn’t no home like a raft, after all. Other places do seem so cramped up and smothery, but a raft don’t. You feel mighty free and easy and comfortable on a raft.† (116) This was quoted from chapter 18, and this of course isn’t included in the darker things that happened in the book butShow MoreRelatedInto The Wild By John Krakauer1735 Words   |  7 Pageshas this deep seated desire to fill a void, a missing piece of himself, by walking on a spiritual path through nature. Finally, his high standards for himself and society drives the idea of fighting back the darkness of the world through the power of good. The cultivation of these elements are what shape Chris throughout the book and prove his adventure to be of noble nature. In the fast growing age of technology the world lives in today, people depend heavily on devices like phones and computersRead MoreCriminal Cases Should Be Treated As The Last Defense Against Good And Evil879 Words   |  4 PagesCriminal cases should be treated as the last defense against good and evil. When the media reports on a case from the courtroom, everyone is on their best television behavior, no one wants to look bad on TV, after all, that could affect their book tour. High profile cases have become a joke. It is so important that people understand that our justice system is in jeopardy, cases cannot be resolved in the media. People cannot continue to be found guilty or innocent by the press. The media chooses aRead MoreComparing The Novel Lord Of The Flies And Heart Of Darkness2292 Words   |  10 PagesComparing behavior of two main characters from two different books Introduction There are both similarities and differences between the protagonists of the Novels Lord of the Flies† (Golding) and â€Å"Heart of Darkness† (Conrad). In each case we have the supposedly civilized individual(s) degenerating into savagery. As well, other characters are involved and highly influenced by the protagonist(s). This report discusses these two books and what can be observed from comparing works of essentially differentRead MoreComparing The Novels Lord Of The Flies And Heart Of Darkness4107 Words   |  17 PagesThere are both similarities and differences between the protagonists of the Novels Lord of the Flies† (Golding) and â€Å"Heart of Darkness† (Conrad). In each case we have the supposedly civilized individual(s) degenerating into savagery. As well, other characters are involved and highly influenced by the protagonist(s). This report discusses these two books and what can be observed from comparing works of essentially different w orld perspectives – one was published in 1902 and the other in 1954Read MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1062 Words   |  5 PagesIsabella Lichtenberg Ms. North English II Honors 10 December 2015 Title of Your Report A Hermit is simply a person to whom society has failed to adjust itself. (Will Cuppy). In the gothic novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley we follow the life of Victor Frankenstein in 18th century Germany. Shelley displays a recurring theme of isolation and how it drives once good people to do terrible things. If civilization does not adjust itself to a creature of any kind they will be forced into isolation andRead MoreEssay about Heart of Darkness: Psychoanalytic Criticism4502 Words   |  19 PagesHeart of Darkness: Psychoanalytic Criticism Psychoanalytic criticism originated in the work of Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, who pioneered the technique of psychoanalysis. Freud developed a language that described, a model that explained, and a theory that encompassed human psychology. His theories are directly and indirectly concerned with the nature of the unconscious mind. Through his multiple case studies, Freud managed to find convincing evidence that most of our actions are motivatedRead MoreHeart of Darkness in the Light of Psychoanalytic Theories.4599 Words   |  19 PagesFreuds most important contributions to the study of the psyche is his theory of repression: the unconscious mind is a repository of repressed desires, feelings, memories, wishes and instinctual drives; many of which have to do with sexuality and violence. These unconscious wishes, according to Freud, can find expression in dreams because dreams distort the unconscious material and make it appear different from itself and more acceptable to c onsciousness. They may also appear in other disguised formsRead MoreFaith, Love, Time, and Dr. Lazaro4373 Words   |  18 PagesFAITH, LOVE, TIME AND DR. LAZARO By: Greg Brillantes From the upstairs veranda, Dr. Lazaro had a view of stars, the country darkness, the lights on the distant highway at the edge of town. The phonograph in the sala played Chopin – like a vast sorrow controlled, made familiar, he had wont to think. But as he sat there, his lean frame in the habitual slack repose took after supper, and stared at the plains of night that had evoked gentle images and even a kind of peace (in the end, sweet and invincibleRead More journeyhod In Quest of Self in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness4090 Words   |  17 PagesIn Quest of Self in Heart of Darkness      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Conrads Heart of Darkness Marlow comes to the Congo for experience and self in the ancient belief that a man is shaped by what he does, that character is formed by what happens to one. But surrounding all of mans efforts in the Congo is a presence: Kurtz listened to it and went mad, and Marlow recognizes it but refuses to listen, neutralizes the appeal of the unknown and survives Kurtz, who succumbed to the fascinating wilderness.   Read MoreThe Art Of Darkness : A Literary Era Of Suspense, Mystery, And Terror1354 Words   |  6 Pagesin her 1976 book, Literary Women, she defined it as â€Å"the work that women writers have done in the literary mode that, since the eighteenth century have been termed Gothic† (Moers). Her argument that Female Gothic literature is a code for women’s fear of domestic entrapment, especially within their own bodies as was mainly experienced in childbirth and motherhood, was quite influential. Anne Williams, in her book The Art of Darkness: A Poetics of Gothic, argues that Female Gothic can be further dissected

Fuzzy Logic Algorithms for Minor Edge Detection Free Essays

Introduction The early stages of vision fixing distinguish includes in images that are important to measuring the construction and belongingss of points in a scene. Edges are one such highlighted characteristics. Edges are notable nearby alterations in the image and are indispensable high spots for look intoing images. We will write a custom essay sample on Fuzzy Logic Algorithms for Minor Edge Detection or any similar topic only for you Order Now Edges normally occurs between two distinguishable boundary in a image. Edge location is much of the clip the initial stage in retrieving informations from images or images. Because of its significance, border find keeps on being a dynamic geographic expedition zone. Edge find refers to the process of distinguishing and happening crisp discontinuities in a image. The discontinuities are sudden alterations in pel power which characterize the bounds of objects in a scene. The indispensable border find system is to concentrate the degree of fluctuation between diverse pels by put to deathing edge-location operators for every small matrix country. Edges obtained from non-trivial images are often hampered by discontinuity, connoting that the border decompression sicknesss are non associated, losing border subdivisions and false borders non associating to intriguing phenomena in the image, therefore perplexing the attendant undertaking of interpreting the image information. Edge location is one of the cardinal paces in image or image handling, image scrutiny, image design recognition, and PC vision systems. In Digital Image Processing there are typical schemes for border location like First Order Derivative ( gradiant method ) , Second-Order Derivative and Optimal Edge Detection to separate the border. The gradiant methods are utilised for image ascent or to better the inside informations shown in the image and these derivative operations can be utilized for location of borders present in the image. In our proposed work, Sobel border sensor and enhanced border sensor algorithm utilizing fuzzed logic is utilised to place borders of a given image. The pick of Sobel border sensor algorithm is propelled by the echt actuality that it consolidates each border location moreover goes about as smoothing decision maker belongings. Fuzzy image processing is the assemblage of all methodological analysiss that comprehend, speak to and treat the images, their fragments and high spots as fuzzed sets. The representation and fixing rely on upon the fuzzed method and on the issue to be tackled. Fluzzy sets, so, are competent to bespeak imprecise constructs. 1.1 LITERATURE SURVEY To transport out any undertaking work it is really indispensable to understand the current scenario and the engineering virtues and demerits of the subject. In this context, literature study has been carried out to explicate the job and to take the aims of the undertaking work. Different border sensing techniques have been studied from the paper [ 1 ] .The writer G.T. Shrivakshan presents virtues and demerits of different border sensing methods like Sobel, Prewitt and Robert’s, Canny operator. From this treatment it is apparent that sobel border sensor is advantageous than other techniques. The execution of sobel border sensor in Xilinx is presented by writer Ravi.S et.al [ 2 ] . FPGA based design and execution of country efficient Sobel Edge sensing filter is presented utilizing a combination of hardware and package constituents Rajesh Mehra et.al [ 3 ] and in this paper pipelined method is used to implement the border sensing filter. This attack is utile to better the system public presentation. The execution of Sobel border sensor is presented by writers R. Vincent et.al [ 4 ] . Here a brace of3Ten3whirl masks is used, one gauging gradient in the x-direction and the other gauging gradient inY–direction in Matlab. And states that Sobel sensor is improbably sensitive to resound in images, it efficaciously highlights them as borders. Hence, Sobel operator is recommended in monolithic informations communicating found in informations transportation. The writers Kiranpreet Kaur et.al [ 5 ] studies the execution of fuzzy border sensing in MATLAB environment to observe the borders of an input image by scanning it throughout utilizing a 2X2 pel window. The consequences of the implemented algorithm has been compared with the criterion border sensing algorithm such as ‘Canny’ , ‘Sobel’ , ‘Prewit’ and ‘Roberts’ . The fuzzy regulation based image processing algorithm for observing the borders in the image, based on the alterations in the grey values is presented by writers C. Kavitha et.al [ 6 ] . Gray values of the image are taken as the input of the fuzzy system and a floating mask of 3Ãâ€"3 is applied on the image to observe border pel utilizing the preset fuzzy regulations. The execution of fuzzed logic to observe the borders in MATLAB is presented by writers Er.Mandeep Singh Sandhu et.al [ 7 ] .Edges are detected in horizontal, perpendicular and in diagonal waies utilizing 5X5 pel window. And it besides presents different advantages and disadvantages of fuzzed logic. The consequences of the implemented algorithm has been compared with the criterion border sensing algorithm such as ‘Sobel’ and ‘Roberts’ . 1.2 PROBLEM FORMULATION From the literature study it has been observed that there are issues of false border find, losing genuine borders, making slender or thick lines and issues because of noise and so on. So fuzzed logic has been used for minor border sensing in the image and besides fuzzed logic algorithm helps to get the better of the false border detected by the sobel border operator. The MATLAB executing of typical border locater has been done before nevertheless from literature study it has been observed that there is drawback of immense computation clip. So to suppress the issue the proposed algorithm is implemented in XILINX. 1.3 Aim The chief aims of the undertaking work that are to be carried out are as follows To plan and implement the sobel border sensor and enhanced border sensor algorithm utilizing fuzzed logic in Matlab. To plan and implement the sobel border sensor and enhanced border sensor algorithm utilizing fuzzed logic in Xilinx. To cipher the SNR, PSNR, RMSE of sobel border sensor and enhanced border sensor algorithm utilizing fuzzed logic. To cipher the country and hold of sobel border sensor and enhanced border sensor algorithm. 1.4Methodology Literature Survey to be carried out on border sensor algorithm in Xilinx. Survey includes surveies on different border sensing techniques and different algorithms. To develop the sobel border sensor and enhanced border sensor algorithm utilizing fuzzed logic in Matlab and Xilinx. Using Xilinx package calculates the country and hold of sobel border sensor and enhanced border sensor algorithm to be implemented. Comparing the border images of Sobel and implemented enhanced border sensor algorithm utilizing fuzzed logic. Calculating the SNR, PSNR, RMSE of sobel border sensor and enhanced border sensor algorithm utilizing fuzzed logic. 1.5 TOOLS REQUIRED 1.5.1 Software Requirements i‚ · Matlab ( 7.10 ) Xilinx 1.5.2 Hardware Requirement Spartan 3E 1.6Applications Used in satellite images edge sensing. Satellite images consist of many characteristics and objects with different forms and size. Edge sensing helps to pull out utilize full information. Used in medical images edge sensing for object acknowledgment of the human variety meats. Grape leaf disease sensing and analysis. Bettering image quality. Egg shell defects sensing on white eggs. 1.7 ADVANTAGES An advantage of using a bigger size sobel mask is that the mistake because of the impacts of noise are decreased by vicinity averaging inside of the country of the mask. An favourable place of using a mask of uneven size is that the operators are focused and hence can supply an rating that is based on Centre pel. Fuzzy techniques can cover with the ambiguity and vagueness proficiently. Fuzzy logic is tolerant of unsure informations. 1.8 DISADVANTAGES Minor strength fluctuations in grey scale images can non be detected utilizing sobel operators. Sobel operator detects false borders along with true borders. 1.9 ORGANIZATION OF REPORT This study consists of 5 chapters and mentions. Chapter 1:Presents the Introduction, Literature study, Problem preparation, Objectives, Tools required, Methodology, Applications, Advantages, Disadvantages and eventually the Project study organisation. Chapter 2:Provides brief theory about the undertaking. Chapter 3:Presents the inside informations about execution of sobel operator in matlab. Chapter 4:Provides the consequences and treatments of undertaking. Chapter 5:Provides the decisions and future work about the undertaking. Mentions:Provides sufficient mentions relevant to the undertaking for easy apprehension of the capable affair and some of the beginnings used in development. How to cite Fuzzy Logic Algorithms for Minor Edge Detection, Essay examples

Theory of Consumer Behavior and Optimal Choice - Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the case study of Theory of Consumer Behavior and Optimal Choice. Answer: Introduction: By virtue of the theory of consumer behavior the optimal choice of bundle depends on the equilibrium obtained from utility maximization subject to the budget constraint. The figure below shows optimal choice of Doreens family between childcare service and remaining other goods. In the above figure consumption of childcare service is measured on the horizontal axis while remaining other goods are measured in vertical axis. Given that, the familys current income is $60,000. The family does not spend more than half of their income on consumption of child care service management. This put a restriction on the budget line as shown from the kink of the budget line, MNO. The kink implies the family is spending exactly half of their income on childcare and half on the other goods[1]. The family is currently spending $10,000 for childcare. The amount spend on other goods is therefore ($60,000-$10,000) = $50,000. The point of equilibrium is at e where the indifference curve I1 is tangent to the budget line MNO. The equilibrium bundle of goods is given as (10000, 50000). A subsidy of 85% on total cost of subsidies implies that the family can now consume more of health care services at the given income. Imposition of subsidy shifts the budget line from MNO to MNO. The family now needs to pay only 15% of childcare cost[2]. The rest that is 85% or additional 8500 can be spent on other goods. Total spending on other goods is now ($50,000 + $8,500) = $58,000. The equilibrium is now shifted to e1 with optimum bundle of (10000, 58500). In any consumption choice price plays an important role. The choice between dinning out to a restaurant and dining in home significantly influenced by increasing cost of dinning at restaurant[3]. As mentioned in the article the cost of eating at restaurant has increased by 2.4 percent while the same at home decreased by 2.2% in this year. The change in price leads to a price effect which in turn causes the optimal consumption choice to change. In figure 3, the horizontal and vertical axis measures good in home (X) and food at restaurant (Y) respectively. AB is the initial budget line. The utility level of consumer is indicated by the initial indifferent curve I1. Suppose initially the price of X is P1. Given the price and budget constraint, equilibrium is indicated by the point E with optimal consumption of X and Y being X1 and Y1 respectively. Consider now the home price declines to P2. This makes a pivotal shift of the budget line towards X axis from AB to AB1. E2 is the new equilibrium, corresponds to a higher indifference curve I2. The optimal consumption choice for X now increases to X1 while that for Y decreases to Y2. This in known as the price effect[4]. To understand the price effect in terms of joint impact of income and substitution effect an artificial budget line parallel to new budget line has drawn. This budget line is tangent to I1 at the point E1. The magnitude of substitution effect is the shift from E to E1 while that of income effect is from E1 to E2. The workers choice between leisure and working hours are modeled in framework of labor and leisure. This is same as indifference curve analysis for two consumption goods. The budget constrain is the wage line while utility of consumers is modeled with the indifference curve. When there is an increases in tax rate, then the effective wage to workers reduces. This implies for each additional work effort the workers get a lower effective wage. This in turn means leisure now becomes cheaper as worker have to forgo a lower amount of wage[5]. This encourages workers to substitute more work hours with leisure. This is the substitution effect of increased tax rate. The substitution effect always increases leisure over work effort. There is another effect on taxes, which is the income effect. The lower wage reduces purchasing power of people. Therefore, to keep the level of utility at a certain level workers need to work more hours[6]. The income effect therefore has a positive influence on working hours. An increases in tax rate therefore has two opposite effect on work hours. If substitution effect dominates then working hours decreases while if income effect dominates then working hours increases. The two cases are described below. WT is the initial wage line with equilibrium at E1. An increase in the tax rate shifts the wage line from WT to W1T. In figure 4, substitution effect dominates and hence work hours reduces from TH1 to TH2. Opposite is the case in figure 5. The substitution of manual labor with a process called automation put has made laborers to live with the anxiety of losing jobs. The threat was initially limited only to manual workers. However, the advent of more advanced technology now substitute informative works as well. With this the earlier concern for job type of whether white collar or manual has now shifted to routine or non-routine jobs. As mentioned in the article, in America nearly 47 percent are under pressure of job loss from automation. The class of workers more vulnerable to the substitution by automation include logistics jobs and that in transportation including delivery service or taxi drivers[7]. The potential job profiles in office support program (receptionist, security guards and the like) are suffering from automation employed in offices. The technique of automation quickly substitutes manual workings of office clerk, that of telemarketers and accountants. People engaged in this jobs are more exposed to losing jobs in adaptation of computerization. The opportunity of finding jobs in new industry has also become limited with advanced training program guided by machine learning process[8]. The modern automation techniques in addition to threating jobs in development of software affects jobs in sectors like health care, works in administrative departments and such others. The reliance on artificial intelligence associated with fifth generation computers has now become a growing trend. Sectors adapting artificial intelligence possess high dangers of losing jobs. The other vulnerable sectors include sales agents in real estate, typist, technical writers and word processing jobs. Reference list Automation And Anxiety' (The Economist, 2018) https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21700758-will-smarter-machines-cause-mass-unemployment-automation-and-anxiety accessed 20 March 2018 'Changes To The Child Care Rebate System' (NewsComAu, 2018) https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/parenting/what-the-child-care-changes-mean-for-you/news-story/75447014c6e02d23f2b6aec34711e5d9 accessed 20 March 2018 Cowen, Tyler, and Alex Tabarrok.Modern Principles of Microeconomics. Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. 'Forbes Welcome' (Forbes.com, 2018) https://www.forbes.com/sites/daniellemarceau/2016/11/22/low-food-costs-oversupply-and-changing-consumer-preferences-spell-bad-news-for-restaurant-industry/#7ef7bd177e72 accessed 20 March 2018 Maurice, S. Charles, and Christopher Thomas.Managerial Economics. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2015. Nicholson, Walter, and Christopher M. Snyder.Intermediate microeconomics and its application. Cengage Learning, 2014. Rader, Trout.Theory of microeconomics. Academic Press, 2014. 'Supply-Side Guru Arthur Laffer Hails TrumpS Tax Policy' (Ft.com, 2018) https://www.ft.com/content/8cb63288-bc85-11e6-8b45-b8b81dd5d080 accessed 20 March 2018.